174- 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



ttn gelobt, ti)r werbet gelobt, fie werben gelobt. Imp. 3d; wurbe gclobt, 

 tu wurbeft gelobt, er wurbe gelobt; wir wurben gclobt, t&,r wurbet gelobt, fie 

 wurben getobt. Per/. 3d) bin gelobt worben, fcu bift gelobt worbcn, cr if* 

 getobt worben ; tetr ftnb gelobt Worbcn, tb/r feib getobt worben, fie ftnb gclobt 

 worben. Plup. 3d; war getobt worben, fcu warft gelobt worben, er war 

 gelobt worbcn ; wir waren gelobt worben, tb.r waret gelobt worbcn, ftc warcn 

 gelobt worben. First Put. 3d; werbe gelobt werben, bu wirft gclobt wcr* 

 ben, er wirb gelobt werben; Wir werben gelobt werben, t&,r wcrbct gelobt 

 werben, fie wcrbcn getobt Werben. Second Put. 3d; werbe gclobt worben 

 fein, bu wirft getobt worben fein, er wirb relobt worben fein ; wir werbcn 

 getobt worben fein, tfyr wcrbet getobt worben fein, ftc werben getobt worben 

 fein. 



SUB. Pres. 3d; werbe gefobt, bit h>crbeft gelobt, cr Wcrbe gelobt ; wir 

 teerben gclobt, ifyr werbet gelobt, fte werben gelobt. Imp. 3d; wurbc ge< 

 tobt, bu witrbeft gelobt, cr wurbe gclobt ; wir wurbcn gelobt, il;r wurbct 

 gelobt, fte wurben gclobt. Per/. 3d; fei gelobt worben, bu feieft gelobt wor* 

 ben, cr fei gelobt Worben ; Wtr feien gelobt worben, ib,r feiet gclobt worben, 

 fte feien gelobt worbcn. Plup. 3d; Ware celcbt worben, bu wareft gclobt 

 Worben, er ware gelobt worbcn ; wir waren getobt worben, tfjr waret gclobt 

 WC'rben, fte Waren gelobt woiben. First Put. 3d; werbe gelobt tocrbcn, 

 bu werbcfi gelobt wcrben, er Werbe gelobt werben ; wir werben gelobt wcr= 

 ben, ifyr werbet gelobt werben, fte werben getobt werben. Second Put. 3d; 

 Werbe getobt worben fein, bu werbeft getobt worben fcin, er werbe gelobt wor 

 ben fein ; wir werben gelobt worbcn fein, il;r werbet gelobt worben fein, fte 

 werben gelobt Worben fein. 



COND. First Put. 3d; wurbc gelobt Werben, bu wurbeft gelobt Werben, 

 r wurbe gelobt Werben ; wir wurben gelobt Werben, ib.t wurbet gclobt wcr 

 ben, fte wurben gelobt werben. Second Put. 3d; wurbe gelobt worien 

 fein, bu wurbeft gelobt worben fein, cr wurbe gclobt worben fein ; wir wur* 

 ben gelobt worben fein, il;r wurbct gclobt worben fein, fte wiirbcn gelobt 

 Worben fein. 



IMP. Pres. SBerbe (bu) getobt, werbe er getobt; werben wir gelobt, 

 Werbet (ifjr) gelobt, werben fte gelobt. 



INF. Pres. elobt werbeu, to bo praised. Per/, elobt worben fein, 

 to nave been praised. Put. SBcrben gelobt ttcrben, to be about to 

 be praised. 



PART. Per/. Oetcbt, praised. 



86. REFLECTIVE VERBS. 



(1.) A verb is said to be reflective when it represents the 

 subject as acting upon itself. We have several such in Eng- 

 lish ; he deports himself well ; he bethought himself ; they 

 betook themselves to the woods ; where the subject and the ob- 

 ject, in each case, being identical, the verb is made reflective. 

 It is manifest that any active transitive verb may thus become 

 a reflective verb. 



(2.) Strictly speaking, however, those only are accounted re- 

 flectives that cannot otherwise be used. The number of these, 

 in German, is much larger than in English. Some" of them 

 require the reciprocal pronoun to be in the dative, but most of 

 them govern the accusative ; thus (with the dative), id; bilte mir 

 nictjt ein, I do not imagine ; (with the accusative), id; fd;ainc mid;, 

 I am ashamed. Further examples are the following : 



WITH THE DATIVE. 



@id; anmafien, to presume, usurp. 



id; augbebingen, to make a con- 

 dition. 



id; etnbtlben, to imagine. 



~u-fy getrauen, to dare. 



t id; fd;meid;eln, to flatter one's 

 self. 



fiid) sorneljmen, to propose to 

 one's self. 



Sid; oorftellen, to represent to 

 one's self. [one's self. 



id; wibcrfpred;en, to contradict 



WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 



id; anfcfyicfcn, to prepare, 

 id; aupcrn, to intimate. 



id; bcbanfen, to thank. 



id; bebenfcn, to pause, to think. 



id; begeben, to repair to, to 



happen, 

 id; befyelfen, to put up with, to 



make do. 

 id; freuen, to rejoice. 



id; Wtberfefcen, to resist. 



(3.) Since the action of these verbs is confined to the agent, 

 they are rightly regarded as intransitives ; for the verb and the 

 pronoun under its government are to be taken together as a 

 single expression for intransitive action ; thus, id; frcue mid;, I 

 rejoice myselj, that is, I rejoice, or delight in. 



(4 V V In like manner, reflectives often become the equivalents 

 of passives; as, ber d;lflffel fjat fid; gcfunben, the key has found 

 itself, that is, the key is found, or has been found, etc. 



(5.) In some instances a verb is found to have, both in the 

 simple and in the reflective form, the same signification ; as, 

 irten and fid; trren, to err ; to be mistaken. 



(6.) It is worthy of remark, also, that some transitives, upon 

 passing into the reflective form, undergo some change of signi- 

 fication ; thus, from bcrufen, to call, comes fid; berufen, to appeal 

 to. It is generally easy, however, in these cases, to account for 

 such changes. The following are additional examples : 



'-Bcbenfeu, to think upon ; 

 23efd;eiben, to assign ; 



Sinben, to find ; 



8urd;tcn, to fear ; 

 J&uten, to guard ; 

 2Kad;en, to make ; 



tellcn, to placo ; 

 SSerantworten, to answer for ; 



SScrgcfycn, to pass away ; 

 93crlaffcn, to leave ; 



ftd; bebenfen, to pause, to think. 



fid; befcfteiben, to be contented 

 with. 



fid; ftnben (in ctwctS), to accommo- 

 date one's self to a thing. 



fid; furd;tcn, to be afraid of. 



fid; t;iiten, to beware. 



ftd; marfjcn (an etwag), to set about 

 a thing. 



ftd; ftcllen, to feign, pretend. 



ftd; serantwortcn, to defend one's 

 self. 



ftd; "crgcfjen, to commit a fault. 



fid; mlaffcn, to rely upon. 



87. PARADIGM OP A REFLECTIVE VERB. 

 id; freuen, to rejoice. 



IND. Pres. 3d; frcue mid;, bu freuft bid;, er freut ftd; ; wir freuen unf, 

 U)r fretit eudb, fte freuen ftcb Imp. 3d; freute mid;, bu freuteft bid;, cr 

 frcute fid; ; wir frcutcn un3, tl;r frcutet cud;, fte freutcn ftd;. Per/. 3rf> 

 fyabe mid; gefreut, bu Jjaft bid; gefreut, er t;at fid; gefreut ; wir Ijab'en un3 

 gefreut, ttyr l)abt cud; gefreut, fte tyabcn ftd; gefreut. Plup. 3d; fyatte mirf> 

 gefreut, bu fyattcft bid; gefreut, er I)atte fid; gefreut ; wir fatten unS gefreut. 

 ifir fyattct eud; gefreut, fte fatten ftd; gefreut. First Put. 3d; werbe mid; 

 freuen, bu wirft bid; freuen, cr wirb ftd; freuen ; wir Werben un freuen, ifii- 

 werbet cud; freuen, fte werben fid; freuen. Second Put. 3d; Werbe mirf> 

 gefreut tjaben, bu wirft bid; gefreut tyaben, cr wirb ftd; gefreut l;abcn ; wir 

 werben un gefreut f;aben, t^r Werbet eud; gefreut fyaben, fte werben fid; gc* 

 freut ^aben. 



SUB. Pres. 3d; frcue mid;, bu freucft bid;, er frcue fid; ; wir freuen 

 un, ifyr freuct cud;, fte freuen ftd;. Imp. 3d; freute mid;, bu freuteft bid;, 

 er freute ftd; ; wir frcuten un8, i^r frcutet eud;, fte freuten ftd;. Per/. 3d; 

 Jjabe mid; gefreut, bu ^abeft bid; gefreut, cr l^abe fid; gefreut ; wir ^aben 

 un8 gefreut, tfjr ^abct cud; gefreut, fte I)aben ftd; gefreut Plup. 3d; fiattc 

 mid; gefreut, bu I;atteft bid; gefreut, cr I;dttc ftd; gefreut ; wir fatten un 

 gefreut, i^r l;attct cud; gefreut, fte fatten fid; gefreut. First Fut. 3cb 

 werbe mid; freuen, bu wcrbcfl bid; freuen, er werbe fid; freuen : wir wcrbei; 

 un3 freuen, t(jr werbet cud; frcucn, fie Werben fid; freuen. -.Second Put. 

 3d; Werbe mid; gefreut Ijaben, bu wcrbcft bid; gefreut fyabcn, er Wcrbc fid; 

 gefreut 6, aben ; wir werben un gefreut I;aben, i6r werbet eud; gefreut t;aben, 

 fie werben fid; gcfvcut ^abcn. 



COND. First Fut. 3d; wurbe mid; freuen, bu wurbeft bid; frcueu, er 

 wiirbe fid; freuen ; wir wurben unS freuen, tf;r Wurbet eud; frcucn, fie witr* 

 bcit fid; freuen. Second Fut. 3d; wurbe mid; gefreut Ijabcn, bu wurbeft 

 bid; gefreut ^aben, cr wurbe fid; gefreut I;aben ; wir wurben un3 gefreut 

 f;aben, il;r wurtet cud; gefreut t;abcn, fte wiirbcn fid; gefreut Ijabcn. 



IMP. Pres. Sreue (bu) bid;, freue (er) ftd; ; freuen wir unS, freuct 

 (il;r) cud;, freuen fte fid;. 



INF. Pres. id; freuen, to rejoice. Per/, id; gefreut fiaben, to 

 have rejoiced. 



PAKT. Pres. id; frcuenb, rejoicing. 



88. IMPERSONAL VERBS. 



(1.) The impersonal verb, properly so called, is one destitute 

 of the first, and second persons ; being confined to the third 

 person singular, and having for its grammatical subject the pro- 

 noun eg, without definite reference to any antecedent ; as : 



regnct, it rains, 

 fdmeit, it snows, 

 tyagelt, it hails. 



bonncrt, it thun- 

 ders. 

 bligt, it lightens. 



fricrt, it freezes, 

 tftaut, it thaws, 

 tagt, it dawns. 



(2.) It must immediately appear, that a verb may be imper- 

 sonal, and yet belong to any of the classes of verbs described in 

 preceding sections. Thus some are transitive, some are intran- 

 sitive, some are passive, some are reflective, etc. 



EXAMPLES. 



&$ argert mid;, it vexes me, i.e., I am vexed. 

 (5s fricrt tljn, it chills him, i.e., he is chilled or frozen. 

 <SS Ijungert mid;, it hungers me, i.e., I am hungry. 

 @8 reift, there is a hoar frost. 

 (g IjcijU, it is said. 

 (56 wivb tel bacon gcrebct. it is much talked about. 



