LESSONS IN SPANISH. 



187 



When, in casea coming under the above rule, the pronoun te 

 does not denote with clearness the number or guilder .f tin- 

 noun fur which it it employed, the seoond objective U aUo 

 uaed ; as 



8e lo dartf A ella, n ellos, & rind., I So la mandtt dr i elloa, he com- 

 / trtU ./ay it (o /ir, to them, to you. \ tiiandrd it to be iricen (o them. 



The first objective case of the Spanish personal pronouns is 

 very often to be rendered in English by the preposition to, and 

 thr pronoun ; as, to me, to you, to him, to her, to them, etc., and 

 it is then equivalent to the second objective, d m{, d votolrot, 

 d 41, & ella, d ellos, etc. ; and in some cases some other pre- 

 position than to is used in rendering the first objective into 

 English ; aa 



Se lo agradezco, I thank him for it. 

 NOB lo suplicu, he beseeches us for 



Juan UK- ilijo, John said to me. 

 To lo pido, I oak it of tine (or, 

 from thee). it. 



The second objective with the preposition d is not used, 

 except when the same verb governs two or more pronouns in tho 

 objective case, or when it is designed to be distinct or particu- 

 larly emphatic ; as 



Juan diiS dinero a &, a ella, y &. 

 ti, John gave money to him, to her, 

 and to thee. 



Juan viva, dijoron ellos a ella, 

 John lives, said they to her. 



To v! a vosotros y ii ellos, I saw 

 you and them. 



To add more clearness or strength to a sentence, both objec- 

 tive cases of pronouns are often employed ; the second objective 

 case then being placed either before tho first objective or else 

 after the verb, except the first objective case comas after the 

 verb (as in the case of infinitives, gerunds, and imperatives), 

 when the second objective must come after the first ; as 



Diciendole a ella, telling her. 

 Dime ii mi, tell me. 



A. mi me dijeron, or me dijerou u 

 mi, they told me. 



Decirme ii uii, to tell me. 



When the sentence may contain a noun in the objective case 

 governed by the preposition d, a pronoun of the second objective 

 case is often used in Spanish, and is not to be translated in 

 English ; as 



Dios nadie le vio jamas, 



God no man saw (him) ever; i.e., 

 no on ever saw God. 



Mismo, meaning same or self, is often used with the nomina- 

 tive personal pronouns ; thus, yo mismo, I myself; nosotros 

 mismos, we ourselves, etc. ; and also with the second objective ; 

 and must always agree in gender and number with the noun to 

 which the pronoun refers ; as 



i Que dices de ti mismo P what La muger hablara por se misma, 

 sayest thou of thyself? the woman will speak for herself. 



Mismo is often used with nouns also ; as, la misma Maria, 

 Mary herself; los mismos soldados, the very soldiers or the 

 soldiers themselves. 



When by the pronoun it is meant anything to which we 

 cannot apply a gender, ello is used. Its first objective lo is em- 

 ployed by the same rule. Thus if it be said, " he has been told 

 to love his enemies, and he does it," the pronoun it refers to 

 tho clause of the sentence, " to love his enemies," and of course 

 has no gender. In such a case, lo (not le nor la) would be used. 



Lo is used in Spanish for so in English, when the latter means 

 it ; as 



Si lo es, if it be so. 



Diego lo hace, James does so. 



Vind. piensa que ella es rica, 

 pero no lo es, you think that the is 

 rich, but she is not so. 



Lo is often used for le when the latter refers to a masculine 

 noun and is immediately governed by a verb (though this use of 

 lo is not grammatically correct) ; as 



Espero que lo veo en perfecta I hope that I see him in perfect 

 salud, health. 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 



The demonstrative pronouns estc and aqiiel are often used 

 without any noun, and in such a case they have the sense of 

 this one and that one, or the one ; as 



Bate ca aquel de quien yo dije, This one is the one of whom I said ; 



or, this is he o/trhom I said. 



Todo aqucl que is used in the sense of every one who ; as 

 Todo aquel que bebe de esta agita, Eeerj one who drinks of this water. 



Quien often mean* ht who, tit* u /., oc I^/M; ; and </UMM to 

 used for thy who ; MI 



Quien call* otorga, he tho u 



I i. .-i. 



silent, oansmts. 



Maria futf quien lo dijo, Mary 

 vas the who eotd it. 



k 

 tin* 



luuyht them e* <m 

 rtt. 



Mtoridad. far Jw 



Such cxprosHions u it it I, it it thou, it ii tit, it it the, it If 

 u'e, etc., are rendered in Spanish by I am, thou art, he it, ike if, 

 we are, etc. ; at* 



Yo toy, <t it I. 

 Ella CB, it it the. 



EUos on. ti it they. 

 i Ea vmd. t it it yov f 



THE VERB. 



AGREEMENT OF THE VERB WITH ITS SUBJECT. 



The verb agrees, in number and in person, with i tu subject or 

 nominative, expressed or understood ; 



Soy general, I am a. general. LOB Americano* 



Ella ama la verdad, the loves the riquez**, 0* American* lev* 

 truth. riches. 



When a verb has two or more subjects, each in the singular, 

 it is put in the plural ; as 



Mi padre y mi madre me aman, I Pedro 6 Diego Tendna,* Piter 

 my father and my mother love me. \ or James will come. 



When a verb has two or more subjects of different person*, 

 it is put in the plural, and agrees with the first person in pre- 

 ference to the other two ; 



Tu y yo estainos boenot, than 

 and I (i.e., tee) are well. 



Mi hermano y y o estamos malos, 

 my brother and / (i.e., we) are ill. 



If the second person should be used with the third, without 

 any first person, the verb must be in the second person plural : 



Tu y ella cstais buenas, Thou and she (i.e., you) are %cB. 



When a relative pronoun is the subject of the verb, the latter 

 must agree, in person and number, with the noun or pronoun to 

 which the relative relates ; as 



Yo soy qu liable contigo, it is I I Vosotros que sois sabios, ye h* 

 who speak with u.-e. | are wist. 



A collective noun, taken in a general sense, that is, a noon 

 representing the whole of the persons or things mentioned, 

 requires the verb to be of the singular number ; as 



El ejercito de los Calueos per- The army of the Chaldeans p*r- 

 siguio al rey, sued the king. 



A subject which is a collective noun, taken in a partitive 

 sense, that is, representing a part of the whole of the collective 

 noun, and conveying plurality of idea, requires the verb to be in 

 the plural ; as 



Forte creian lo que les decia, y Part believed ichal he -(old tktm, 

 parto no lo creian, and part believed it not. 



This last rule is not always followed, even by the beet 

 Spanish authors. 



In cases in which a verb appears to have two subjects, it 

 must agree with that noun to which it seems more particularly 

 to belong ; as 



Los gages del pecado son muerte, The irages of sin are (is) death. 



USE OP THE MOODS AND TENSES OF VERBS. 



THE INFINITIVE, GERUND, AND PARTICIPLE. 



The present tense of the infinitive expresses affirmation in an 

 indefinite manner, without reference to number or person ; as, 

 decir, to say ; dar, to give. 



The infinitive is used in Spanish when in English the present 

 participle, preceded by a preposition, is used ; as 



En derramar torrentea de aan- I Vengo de comer, I come from 

 gre, in spilling (fo spill) torroifa o/J dining (to dine), i.e.,/rom dinner, 

 blood. 



The infinitive is frequently used as a verbal nonn or present 

 participle, by placing the masculine definite article before it; 

 as in these examples : 



Al caer del dia, at the /all (at the 

 to fall) of the day. 



El leer me gusta, readinj (the to 

 read) ]>leaxes me. 



The infinitive is often rendered in English by the present 



El luurmuror dc !aa fuentea, the 

 murmuring (fhe to mrmw) of tke 

 fountains. 



* This U different, aa will be perceived, from the role in Eagliah 

 yntax, which requires two singular nouns connected by a disjunctive 

 conjunction, to have the verb agree with them in the singular form. 



