LESSONS IN GREEK. 



<ms and disturbances of motion will be seen, according 

 the wheel*. 



'Jtk Disc, arranged for ecoentrio motion, show* pleasingly 



impli' per- n' spoken of second wheel play over 



-a of light radiate from centre to circumference. Re- 



.!o effects of motion, etc., are produced by the three 



ilisc.s in succession. 



-Throe circles of balls, arranged for contrary 

 . show by simple persistence ; with spokes of second 

 become striped circles revolving; with the perforated 

 present a succession of truly beautiful changes. 



1 1 //i />!.->. Three circles heavily charged with coloured and 



all the balls disappear under simple persistence 



and twenty revolutions per second. With twelve-slot disc, the 



halls reappear; with twenty-four slot disc, they are resolved 



into a surface of uniform colour. 



l'2th Disc. A rich mosaic device for composition of colour by 

 simple persistence. Demonstrates the power of the brighter 

 colours on the eye. 



13th Disc. Another rich mosaic for composition of colours; 

 but shows a succession of pleasing effects with spokes of second 

 wlu'i'l and the three perforated discs. 



14th Disc. Two balls and two arrow-heads, 90 distant, be- 

 come, with twelve-slot disc, twenty-four regular figures. 



15th Disc. An elaborately irregular figure, by rapid revolu- 

 tion and with twelve and twenty-four slot discs multiplied, 

 combined, and mode regular, and denominated the principle of 

 the anorthoscope, or instrument for changing to symmetrical 

 figures others without form or symmetry. 



\Cith Disc. Six balls, two rings in three pieces, and six half 

 handles, disposed round disc, become, with twelve-slot disc, 

 twenty-four egg-shaped bodies, with perfect ring and handle to 

 each (thaumatropc). 



17th Disc. Disc charged with six largo circular figures, to 

 exhibit and explain different stages of involution and combina- 

 tion. 



18th Disc. Black star of six points, etc., with spokes of 

 second wheel playing over it. The black star and the general 

 device come up white and light-coloured. Shows various effects 

 of multiplication and combination with perforated discs. 



19th Disc. A bold device for involution and variety of motion, 

 according to perforated discs and velocity of wheels. 



20th Disc. Circle of wheels and centre. Show first by simple 

 persistence. With twelve-slot disc shows thaunmtrope action ; 

 with twenty-four slots, beautifully involuted ; with compound 

 slots, the effect enhanced. 



21st Disc. A bold device of black and coloured circles for 

 general effects. 



22n<Z Disc. Three circles of bold lines arranged for contrary 

 motion. With spokes of second wheel the lines become white ; 

 lines multiplied by perforated discs of twenty-four and various 

 slots. 



Mr. Rose's pulley of equal motion has a mathematical differ- 

 ence in its grooves, and when the velocity is highest the figures 

 are not quite stationary, although the number of slots and 

 figures be the same. This slight imperfection has suggested in 

 connection with disc 22 the practicability of a travelling vernier 

 for reading off the velocity of a wheel even if it were moving at 

 3,000 revolutions per minute. 



23rd Disc. Three circles of wheels, with contrary motions, 

 exhibiting a pleasing variety of effects under different treatment. 



The discs, when arranged, form a consecutive series for show- 

 ing all the usual effects of the thaumatrope, thaumascope, 

 anorthoscope, etc., and the capabilities of the kalotrope for 

 exhibiting a variety of beautiful changes. 



LESSONS IN GREEK. XLYIII. 



INVARIABLE WORDS (continued) ADVERBS. 



4. Quantity. 



THE adverbs of qnantity are susceptible of the same termina- 

 tions as those of manner. Here are some of them : ayav, too 

 much; \tav, extremely; aoijv, abundantly; aAis, sufficiently. 

 Those which particularly mark number end in OKIS : 



(from iroffos, hoio many ?) Iww often ? how many times? 

 (from woXvi, numerous), many timei. 



rtrpattit (from rtrraptt, four), four times. 

 KtvraKit (from mint , five), five timei. 



The rest of the adverbs formed from the cardinal nnmben 

 follow this analogy, except Airo{, once (emel) ; tit, twite (bis) ; 

 rptt, three times (ter). 



5. Interroyation. 



It asks a question simply : Do you say thitf ij Arym rovro ; 



apa asks a question mostly with an expresiirc then s Do you, 

 then, say this ? iya \tytts rovro ; 



v.wv (u.i\ ouv) expects a negation, num. : UMV A-yu rovro; you 

 do not say this, do you ? It is also used in simple interroga- 

 tions. 



6. Affirmation. 



ij, ij u.nv, yes, certainly, in truth. 



apa, pa, rot, 8rj (in the poets), then, certainly, assuredly. 



u.tv denotes a contrast, and strengthens, = indeed (quidem). 



yt asserts something in addition, and gives emphasis to its 

 word, = at least. 



vat (Latin nee, English nay), yes, truly. 



". Negation, 

 ov (OVK before a vowel), ov\i, Attic $ no, with direct negations and 



ou5auo>r, by no means indicative mood. 



fir;, ov pi), /j.ij oux* j that not, with indirect nega- 



fUj&gftut, by no means ( tions and imperative mood. 



8. Doubt. 



taut, rax<t, itov (without accent), perhaps, probably. 

 orjKov, OTj8ft>, apparently. 



There are some words which, without being adverbs, are 

 employed adverbially. We have seen adverbs which have the 

 form of the genitives, datives, and accusatives. We are now 

 to see those cases themselves perform the office of adverbs. 

 Their cases are said to be owing to certain prepositions which 

 have been dropped in conversation : 



Gon. vvKros (8m), by night, at night. 

 Dat. (o (trvv), by force, forcibly. 



KVK\(O (v), in a circular, circularly. 

 Ace. oiK-nv (Kara), in the form or manner of. 



X&pw ( ir ps)) in favour of. 



npolxa (Kara), gratuitously. 



Sometimes the preposition is expressed and united to the 

 noun ; as 



iropaxp^M a ('"'apa, at ; xp*)M a the thing), at the moment. 

 irpovpyov (irpo, for ; tpyov, the deed), usefully, beforehand. 

 (KiroSuv (tK,from; irovs, the foot), at a distance, far from, 



Adverbs formed from adjectives imply a substantive : 

 Dat. jSia (fit jSia xp)j *i particular; wefp (tv xtfi &$<?), on foot. 

 Ace. ftaxpav (tts /xaxpav 6Sov), a long way, at a distance. 



The neuter of the adjective is often employed as an adverb ; 

 as the dative iroAA^, much, by much ; 7)81;, agreeably ; Stivov and 

 Sttva, terribly ; irortpa, whether? firiTTjSej, on, purpose. 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



The following is a list of the chief conjunctions : 

 KOI, rt, and. | i, av, tav, if. | nrt, because, since. 



Of these conjunctions some are simple, as KM, T, ii ; others 

 arc compound, as our* (ov and T), fttrrot (fttv and TIN). KOITOI 

 (Kat and TOI), rotwv (rot and vw), war* (i>s and T), otori (ota 

 on. neuter of ocrns), yovr (yt and ovv), w8r> (fw and on), 

 tttt&av (trtt, ot, and av), orav (ort and av) ; and others are two 

 separate words, as *i /UTJ, Iva ^17. 



There are other conjunctions, whether a single word, as 7, ita. 

 when, or several words united, as rotyaprot (rot, yap, rot), note 

 then; rotyapovv (rot, yap, ovv), wherefore, on thaf account; or, 



