196 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



again, several words in a separate state, as ou pnv aAAa, how- 

 ever; irArjv (i jurj. if only. 



One or two others deserve notice, as are, seeiny that, as being 

 for example, ore ayaQos, as being gwd (Latin, utpote bonus) ; 

 rrtp, although for example, 07060$ irep, although good. 



There are certain words employed as adverbs, in the composi- 

 tion of which there is a conjunction for example, drj^ovon, 

 evidently (that is, STJXOP ttrnv o-n, it is evident that) ; eviore, 

 sometimes made up of tvi, for earn/, and ore (in Latin, est 

 qv.ando). 



INTERJECTIONS. 



Interjections, as expressing almost inarticulately the passions 

 and emotions of the mind, are also numerous in the language of 

 the Greeks, who were a people of strong feelings. The principal 

 interjections are these : 



2>, O! (sign of the teO, eheu ! ho! at, ot, ita, alas! (Lat. 



vocative, &, 0! </>ev, ah ! [papce!)\ hei!) 



expressing pain j3oat, ah ! oh ! (Lat. , eta, come ! (Lat. eia .') 



or surprise), ovat, woe ! | tvyt, well done! 



iou, ah ! alas ! a, ah! (Latin, euge!) 



Some imperatives are used as interjections ; for example, aye, 

 <pffie, i0i, come ! (Latin, age !), airayt, begone ! (Latin, apage .') 



FORMATION OP WORDS. 



NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 



Simple words may be divided into tvro classes, the primitive 

 and the derivative. Primitive words are those which are formed 

 from a stem by the affixing of a nominal or a verbal termination. 

 Thus Ao7oj is a primitive, it being formed by the addition of oy 

 to \oy. Also Ae-yw is a primitive, inasmuch as you form it by 

 adding u to \ty. 



Derivative words are such as are derived or formed from 

 primitive words. Thus, from apx in apx~n, beginning, and opx&>, 

 / begin, comes opxotos, an adjective formed by suffixing otos to 

 the stem ; apxaios accordingly signifies that which goes back to 

 the beginning, ancient. 



Nouns are generally formed from either verbal or nominal 

 stems by means of a termination. This termination may bo 

 termed a suffix or a formative. Thus, by means of the suffix o 

 is \oyos formed from the verbal stem \fy, and apxotos is 

 formed from apx (nominative apxy) by the addition of the 

 .suffix to. 



Suffixes serve the end of showing the different relations under 

 which the fundamental idea appears. Letu- take as an example 

 Troteci) (iroioi), I make. By cutting off the person-ending I obtain 

 as the stem iroit. From irote, with the lengthening of the e 

 into ij, and the introduction of the suffix or formative, I make 

 -these words 



Troteco (iroioi), Trote-, irotr]-. 

 TTOITJTTJS, a poet ; TTotTjo-ts, poetry ; ironj/j.a(r), a poem. 



Having taken a verbal stem, let us now take a nominal stem 



jSao-iAeu (/3o<rtAeur, a king). 



fiacriXevs, a ki'iig ; /3a<rl\fia, a queen; /3ocri\id, a kingdom} 

 /3a<nAtKOS, kingly. 



Substantives are formed by various suffixes, of which the fol- 

 lowing are the most important : 



The doer, or the person concerned with some act, ia denoted 

 by one of these terminations : 



1. fvs; as ypa<f>tvs, a writer, from ypapta ; yovevs, a parent, 



from yiyvofna.i. 



2. rrjp, TO>P, TTjy (masculine), retpa, Tpto, rpu, ns (feminine) ; as 



<7o>TT)p, deliverer (ffu-rtipa, fern.), from (rcafa ; pnTwp, a 

 speaker (pf as in tpta) ; /cptrijs, a judge (*pt as in icpivca) ; 

 rTrotjjTTjs, a poet (iroit as in Troteco) ; iroi^rpia, a poetess ; 

 afATjTTjy, a flute-player (ot>Ae as in ovAeci>) ; avXijTpts, a 

 female flute-player (ouAe as in ouAew). 



The doing is indicated by the following terminations : 



1. -m, <m, tria (from TIS). The nouns hereto belonging are all 

 feminine ; as TTKTTIS, confiding, trust, faith (from iri6, as 

 in irtiGouai) ; /j.i/j.r)ffis, imitation (from /ut,ue, as in /utjueowoi) ; 

 ffKcfyis, consideration (from VKfir, as in <r/ceirTOjuot) ; irpats, 

 handling, action (from trpay, as in irpao-o-w) ; yevtais, beget- 

 ting (from ytv, as in yiyvo/j.ai) ; SoKt/xairia, proving (from 

 as in 



2. juos ; as cnrao-/j.os, cramp, spasm (from <nro, as in <rrrao>) ; 

 $efffj.os, chain (from Se, as in Seu) ; oovp/j.os, wailing (from 

 oSvp, as in o5i)po>). 



The result of action is denoted by 



1. fjio. (neuter) ; as irpay/j.u, a thing done (from 117)07, as in 



irpaffffta) ; ^Jj/uo, a thing spoken (from pe, as in fp<a) ; T^ij^a, 

 a cut (from rep, as in rtfivw). 



2. os (neuter) ; as Aaxoi, a Lot (from Aox, as in A^xovco ; aor. 



t\axof) ; eQos, custom (from efl, as in to>0a) ; re/cox, a child 

 (from Ttc, as in TIKTIO). 



The same suffix in derived words denotes the peculiar quality; 

 as 



ffapos, weight, adjective stem &apv, nominative /3apur. 

 $0.605, depth, /8a0u, ftaQvs. 



(J.TJKOS, length, /ia/cpo, ,, ^ojcpos. 



The instrument or means of an action is denoted by rpo, 

 nominative rpov, neuter (the Latin trum) . 



aporpof, a plough, from opo, as in apota (Latin aratmm). 

 \\irpov, a ransom, from \v, as in \vw. 

 SiSaKrpov, a teacher's fee, StSax, as in StSoff/cco. 



Less definite is the meaning of the related feminine suffix, 

 rpo ; as uo"Tpa (ua>, I shave), a curry-comb ; opx^yrpa. (opx- 

 onai, I dance), a, dancing-place, our orchestra ; ira\aio-rpa 

 (jraAotw, I wrestle), a wrestling-place. 



Place is signified by 



1. TTjpioi/, neuter (the Latin torium) ; as oKpodTTjptof, a place 



for hearing (Lat. auditorium), from axpoa, as in aKpoa.ofj.at ; 

 SiKaffTTjpiov, a judgment-hall, from 5t/ca5, as in SIKO^CU. 



2. tlov (neuter) ; as Air/elo^, a speaking-place, from Ao7o, as 



in Ao7o$ ; Kovpitlov, a barber's shop, from Kovptv, as in 

 Kovpevs ; Viovatlov, a museum, from Mowro, as in Movcra. 



Substantives denoting quality are derived from adjective 

 stems by means of the following suffixes : 



NOMINATIVE. ADJ. STEM. NOMINATIVE. 



1. Tjj (fern.), Lat. tas, TOXVTTJS, quickness, Ta^y, raxvs. 



tus. vforns, youth. vto, veos. 



ivory?, equality, HTO, ttroj. 



2. avvi] (fem.). 5iKatoo-vvrj, justice, SLKUIO, 8tco:oj. 



aiacppoffwri, sense, acafypov, <rui<pp<av. 



3. ta (fem.). o-o(piu, wisdom, cro<po, (ro<pos. 



tuSaiuovia, happiness, ev8atfj.ov, tvSaifjuav. 



The suffix to with the vowel of the adjective stem becomes 

 eta and ota : 



ADJECTIVE STEM. NOMINATIVE. 



oArjSeto (oA?j0eia), truth, a\r]9e(s), a\ij8rjf. 



fuvoia (ewoia), benevolence, evvoo, tvvovs. 



Diminutives, or words denoting the quality in a less degree, 

 are formed from nouns 1 as stems by means of these suffixes : 



1. lav (neuter) ; as iraio'iov, a little child, stem iraio, nom. TTOIS; 



Kyirtov, a little garden, stem K-TJ-ITO, norn. KrjTros. Besides 

 the form to there are these namely, ibiov, aptov, uSpto 

 (vtipiov) ; as OLKiStov, a little house (ot/cos) ; TratSopto^, alittle 

 child (irais) ; pthvopiov, a ditty (,ueAoj, a song, our melodij). 



2. tffKos, iffKfi ; as vtaviffKos, a youth, stem vtavia., nom. vtavtas ; 



, a little maiden, stem irotS, nom. Troty. 



VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY. XV. 



INDUCED CURRENTS RHUMKORFF'S COIL EXPERIMENTS 

 WITH THE COIL GEISSLEfi's TUBES. 



IF we connect the poles of a battery-cell by a naked copper 

 wire of sufficient length to bend down towards some iron filings, 

 we shall find that the tiny metallic particles attach themselves 

 to the wire. In other words, the wire conveying a current is 

 magnetic. Faraday found that such a wire, if placed near 

 another wire or coil quite unconnected with any electrical 

 battery, induced a current in that wire or coil. The current so 

 induced is not permanent, but transient. When contact with 

 the battery is made with what we may call the primary circuit, 

 a momentary secondary current is induced in the other wire. 

 When the contact is broken, the current again makes itself evi- 

 dent, but in the reverse direction. Such currents are of a very 

 feeble nature, but the principle has been taken advantage of in 



