198 



THE POPULAK EDUCATOR. 



But even with a small coil which gives a spark only a fraction 

 of an inch in length, many interesting experiments can be per- 

 formed. A piece of phosphorus placed so that the spark may 

 pass through it is instantly inflamed. The same thing occurs 

 if, instead of the phosphorus, a little cotton- wool moistened 

 with ether is placed in the same position. A gas jet can be 

 lighted if we carry the wires over it, so that the spark can 

 jump across the space where the gas issues. Or if a candle 

 be blown out and placed in the stream of sparks, it will be 

 relighted. 



But by far the most beautiful experiments with the coil arc 

 those where the electric discharge is caused to pass through 

 rarified media. A glass globe with a stop-cock attached so 

 that it can be partly exhausted of air is generally used for 

 showing some of these experiments. Inside the globe are two 

 knobbed wires, connected with terminal screws outside. When 

 this apparatus is partly exhausted of air, and attached to the 

 coil, a beautiful stream of light is seen playing between the 

 terminals inside. And although the experiment may be per- 

 formed with a coil giving only a half-inch spark, this stream 

 of light will be several inches in length. If a little vapour of 

 alcohol or naphtha be introduced within the exhausted globe, 

 the luminous discharge assumes a curious stratified appearance. 

 A metal wire, or other conductor, held to the side of the globe 

 will cause the stream of light to seek that side. By admitting 

 to the globe different gases, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, etc., 

 the colour of the discharge can be made to vary with each. 

 Geissler, of Bonn, was the first to construct glass tubes 

 blown into all kinds of fanciful patterns, and charged with 

 minute traces of different gases. These tubes give the most 

 beautiful effects, particularly if they be mounted on small 

 magnetic engines, and be caused to revolve. They are known 

 as Geissler'a vacuum tubes. 



LESSONS IN ITALIAN. XXXIX. 



THE PREPOSITION. 



THE preposition is a word placed before the nouns and pro- 

 nouns which it governs, and before some verbs, to connect 

 words one with another, and to show the relation between them. 



DENOTING THE CAUSE AND MEANS. | DietrO, Itehitld. 



Atteso, per cagioue, considering, on Fra, between. 



account of, oirtng to. DENOTING PLACE. 



Per mezzo, mediante, by, by means A, at. 



of, for, on condition. 

 Da, dal, per via, per, by, through. 



DENOTING THE OBJECT. 



Verso, to, towards. 



Per, for. 



Circa, about, concerning, touching. 



DENOTING OPPOSITION. 



Contro ,01- contra, against. 

 Malgrado, in spite of. 

 Nouostante, notwithstanding. 



DENOTING ORDER. 



Aviinti or prima, before. 

 Dopo, after. 



lu, in or into. 

 Da, from. 

 Sotto, tinder. 

 Sopra, on or upon. 

 Verso, towards. 



DENOTING SEPARATION. 



Ecce'tto, fuorche, salvo, triinne, 



truttono, except. 

 Senza, without. 



DENOTING UNION. 



Cou or col, with. 



Durante, in tempo, during. 



Oltre, besides. 



Secondo, conforme, according to. 



EXAMPLES. 

 Atteso il cattivo te'mpo, or per i Caritatevole verso i poveri, charit- 



cagioue del cattivo tempo, on j able to the poor. 



account of the bad weather. 

 Per me'zzo della vostra grazia, or 



mediiiute la vostra grazia, by 



means of your favour. 

 E stata ferita da una saetta d' oro, 



she has been wounded by a golden 



arroir. 

 Tutto fu creato dalla parola di Dio, 



everything has been created by the 



u-ord of God. 

 Andare a Napoli per Roma, or per 



via di Roma, to go to Naples 



through Koine. 

 Parlo per voi, I speak for you. 



Circa a quest' affire, concerning 



this affair. 

 Chi pub andar contro, or contra la, 



or della fortuna? who can go 



against fortune ? 



Malgrado mia, in spite of me. 



partito uouostante il pericolo, 



he is gone, notwithstanding the 



danger. 

 figli arrivb avauti di me, he arrived 



before me. 



Prima della gue'rra, before the war. 

 figli eutrb dopo me, he came in 



after me. 



* Black here can-uot take either the Bishop or the Knight, as 

 Wliite would give mate with his Queen. 



Dietro all' uscio, behind the door. 

 Fra due montague, between tico 



mountains. 



Andare a Parigi, to 30 to Paris. 

 Andro iu campagna fra due set- 



timane, f will go into the country 



in a fortnight. 

 Allontauarsi da Roma, to ? - einove 



from Rome. 



Sotto il letto, under the bed. 

 Sopra la tavola, on the table. 



Egli corre ve'rso me, he runs to- 

 wards me. 



Tutto e perdiito ecce"tto 1" onore, 

 all is lost except honour. 



Sunza diibbio, u'ithout doubt. 



Venite con me, come with me. 



Duraute la guerra, or iu tempo di 

 gue'rra, during the war. 



Oltre di cib, besides that. 



Mi regolo secondo le circostanze, 

 I act according to circumstances. 



THE CONJUNCTION. 



The conjunction is a word used to connect one word with 

 another, and sentences with sentences. 



COMPARATIVE. 



Come, as. 



Nel modo che, just. 



Siinilmeute, likewise. 

 In. oltre, besides. 



ADVERSATIVE. 



Ancorclie, beuche, corneche", 

 (hough. 



Tuttavia, pure, per altro, yet. 



Ma, but. 



Se iiou, unless. 



Non di ineno, nondimeno, neverthe- 

 less. 



Percib, per questo, there/ore. 



Non per tanto, not however. 

 DISJUNCTIVE. 



O o, sia che, either, or. 



Oppure, ossia, ovv^ro, or, or else, 

 either. 



CASUAL. 



A fine, affine, in order. 



A fine che, affinche, accib che, 



acciocche, in order (hat. 

 A cagione, on condition. 

 Perche, percib che, because. 

 Posoia che, since. 

 Per, for. 

 Perocche, percio che, therefore. 



CONCLUSIVE. 

 Cost, thus. 

 Laonde, therefore. 

 Di mauiera che, so that. 

 In somina, in short. [then. 



Onde, diinque, adunque, whence, 

 Per cio, for this. 

 E cosi, and so. 

 Per la qual cosa, where/ore. 

 Per tanto, in the meantime. 



CONDITIONAL. 



A condizione che, con patto che, 



on condition that. 

 Ben inteso che, provided. 

 Dato che, posto che, supposing that. 

 Iu cuso che, in case that. 

 Quando, when. 

 Se, if. 



Da che, poiche, poscia che, since. 

 Ogni volta che, whenever. 

 Altrimeute, otherwise. 



TRANSITIVE. 



Ancora, di piii, yet, further. 



Altresi, but. 



Eziaudio, also. 



In oltre, besides. 



Appresso, after. 



Oltraccio, oltre che, besides that. 



THE INTERJECTION. 



The interjection is a word which serves to express the 

 different affections of our mind. They may be divided aa 

 follows : 



Buono ! good/ 



Ah! ah! ah! ah! 



Ah! ah! 



Viva, viva ! eh viva ! evviva ! long 



live / 

 O che allegrezza ! allegrezza, alle- 



ADMIRATION. 



Oh ! oh ! oh .' oh .' 

 Ah! IM! 



Pub essere ! possibilo! is it pos- 

 sible I 



Che! te/iotr 

 Come ! how ! 



AVERSION, CONTEMPT, AND DISGUST. I 



Oh vergogna ! fie, for shame .' 

 Oibb ! fie! 



Eh via ! puh ! /oh .' pish .' 

 Audate, andate ! go, go .' 

 Deh! eh.' 



AFFLICTION OR GKIEF. 



Aimo ! oime ! ohime ! lasso ! lasso 



me ! alas .' 

 O Dio ! God .' 

 Ah Siguore ! ah Lord / 

 Ah ! ahi ! oi ! ohi ! oh ! ah .' 

 Misero me ! meschiuo me ! doltSnte 



me ! un/ortu?iate that I am ! 



DERISION. 



Oibb ! ciancie ! fiddlesticTc ! 

 Via via ! pshaw ! 



FEAR. 

 Dio mi benedica ! Dio mi sulvi ! 



misericordia ! God bless me ! 

 Dio buouo ! oh che giorno ! lacfc- 



a-daij / 



Gran Dio ! good Heaven I 

 Oh Dio ! oh Heaven J 

 Oime ! alas / 

 Sta! stop.' 



JOY AND DESIRE. 



Oh ! ah ! ! oh ! 

 Beiie! well.' 



grezza ! oh, what joy / 



APPROBATION OR APPLAUSE. 



Be"ne ! well I 



Va bene ! very well ! 



Cost ! so / 



Si ! yes I 



Mi piace ! uery tcell. 



Viva ! eh. viva ! huzjah / 



Bravo ! bravissimo ! bravo / 



Buono ! good / 



ENCOURAGING. 



Su presto! via! su via ! via su ! 



orsu ! auimo ! coma on / com 



then / 



Su, su ! now then / 

 Auiino su ! cheer up ! 

 Coraggio ! courage ! 



SURPRISE. 

 Capperi ! cappita ! cappiterfna ! 



canchero ! canchitra ! heyday ! 

 Come ! how so ! 

 Oh! oh/ 

 Ah! ah! 

 Per bacco ! upon my word / 



CALLING. 



fiia ! oh, oh ! halioo / 

 fihi! ola! here! 

 Al fiioco ! /ire / 

 Ajtito ! help, helj) / 

 All' arini ! to arnw / 



