LESSONS IN ITALIAN. 



Bmdite! guir.ia ! largo, largo! 



(She, ohe ' 



fioco! .-. ! lol 



alt/ stay/ 



MALUTATIOV. 



8*lre! alr.'to! hail/ 



Sta. sta! 

 there/ 



ILEMCB. 



xitto! 



peace 



chcto! il<mc/ 



SYNTAX. 



Italian Syntax is tlio art of uniting together tlio words 

 and I'hrases of an Italian sentence. 



T1IE AET1CLES. 

 THK DEFINITE ARTICLE. 



1. The definite article il, lo, la, the, must agree with 

 noun* in ^ouiU-r and number ; as 



La zuppa era fruddu, tht soup teas 



cold. 

 Porta i tondi, lie carries the plates. 



Seguito il seutioro, /olloie the j;ulh. 

 Passate il ruscollo, cross the brook. 

 Lo studio e I'iuoovolc, study is 



int. 



Rule 2. The definite article il, lo, la, the, is used before sub- 

 m taken in a general sense; as 



L' iudustria ci arricchisce, industry 



enriches us. 



U iiero e il rosso sou piu stimati 

 del giallo e del grigio, Hack and 

 red are more etieemed titan tjdloic 

 and 'jrey. 



Gli Inglese sono generosi, the 



'mil are generous. 



Gli uoiiiiui sono mortali, men ar 

 mortal. 



..i.i o assai rara, justice it 

 rare. 



Rule 3. The definite article il, lo, la, the, is used before sub- 

 stantives taken in a particular sense ; as 



La carita 6 iicl cuoro delle donne, 



charity is in tin lieart of women. 

 Seuto Ie campane delta chiesa, I 



hfir tJw bells of the church. 

 Ho smnrrita la chiavo dell' uscio, 



I have mislaid tho /.vy of the door. 



Rule 4. The definite article il, lo, la, the, is generally used 

 before names of countries, kingdoms, mountains, provinces, 

 rivers, seasons, and winds : 



I piaceri sono I fiori della vita, 

 pleasures are the flowers of life. 



Souo stato in tutte le citta dell' 

 Italia, I have leen in all the cities 

 of Italy. 



Le quattro parti del mondo sono 

 1* Europa, 1' Asia, 1' Africa, e 1' 

 America, the four parts of the 

 icorlil are Europe, Asia, Africa, 

 and America. 



II Rodauo e un praudissimo name 

 il quale esce di quellauiedesima 

 montagna, della quale cscouo il 

 Danubio e '1 Reno, the Rhone, 

 which spring* from the same 

 mountain trhich produces the 

 Danube and the Rhine, is a very 

 large river. 



La Francia e piu popolata dell' 

 Inghilterra, Franc* is more popu- 

 lous than England. 



L' oruzioni del Vesuvio hanno piu 

 volto coperto di sue ceneri le 

 contrade vicine, the eruptions of 

 Vesuvius have several times 

 covered the neighbouring places 

 icith its cinders. 



II norte, il sud, 1' orieute, e 1* oc- 

 cidente, souo i venti principali, 

 north, south, east, and tcest arc 

 tlie principal Kind*. 



Rule 5. The definite article il, lo, la, the, is used before the 

 names of dignities, offices, professions, and qualities, and also 

 before siynore, siynora, and siynorina* ; 



II signer Pietro e perduto, Master 



Petr is lost. 

 Parlo della signora Francesca, I 



speak of Mistress Frances. 



II generate Buonaparte, General 



Buonaparte. [lolte. 



La Rejfiun Carlotta, Queen Char- 



II niaresciallo Soult, Marshal Soult. 



Rule G. The definite article il, lo, the, is used before infini- 

 tives and adverbs, taken substantively : 



II ballare mi socca, dancing tires 



me. 

 Noa mi ricordo ne il dove, ne il 



qnando, ne il come, I recollect 



II leggere 6 utile, rending is useful. 

 Sto tra '1 si e '1 no, / am iu an un- 

 certainty. 

 Dite il perche, say the why. 



neither where, nor when, tier hoir. 



Rule 7. The definite article il, lo, la, the, is suppressed 

 before nouns taken in a general, proverbial, or usual sense : 



Amlacia, fortuna, e virtii gli det- 

 tero trono e poteuza, audacitij, 

 good luck, and merit gave him the 

 sceptre and poicer. 



lo nou bo tempo, I have not time. 



Consiglio, e ragioae conducono la 

 vittoria, counsel and reason lead 

 (he victory. [has no lair. 



Necessity non ha legge, necessity 



Aiidate a casa, yo home. 



Rule 8. The definite article il, lo, la, the, is suppressed 

 before the number of a chapter, or of a page, and before the 

 title of any literary performance : 



* The titles of 2llons ignore, ifodama, and Madamigella, take no article ; 

 as, Monsijnore urcu'escovo, etc. 



Libro quarto, capitolo quinto, ; Art* d' aiaarv da Ovldio, the Art / 



parte prims, book (he fourth, 

 chapter th* fifth, part the /int. 

 Storia d' Italia scritU da Carlo 

 ilotU, JJ tstory of Italy, written by 



-' . ' ' 



Lettarc nlT ladte OrieaUU. 



Letter, on I J. Ka*t IndUt. 

 Ditoono sopra b UafOft luliana, 



Discount UM /(! tMfM. 



Rule 9. The definite article il, the, in suppressed before 

 numbers denoting tho aaeoeuion of orexetgns : 



Ho lotto il secolo di Luigi Jecimo- ; Carlo dedmo con re di Fraud*. 



quarto, I have read tin aye of ! Charie* the Tenth it iwt ki*j / 



Louie Jf/K. France. 



Guglielmo terzo f n un gran con- ! Enrico quarto fn un boon priAcipe, 



quistatore, U'illiam the Third Henry the fourth %ra* a good 



was a great conqueror. 



THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE. 



Rule 10. The indefinite article uno, ana, un, a or an, mast 

 agree with nouns in gender ; as 

 Troverete un villaggio, you trill Una vespa m* ha punto, a warp hat 



stung me. 



Arremo una state molto calda, ice 

 shall have a very hot suminer. 



find a village. 

 Tuo nepote e uno scioccherello, 



your nepheio is a heedless lay. 

 Portate una sedia, bring a chair. 



Rule 11. The indefinite article uno, una, un, o or on, u re- 

 peated before every Italian noun : 



Ho veduto un' uomo, una donna, e 



uu bambino, I have seen a man, 



woman, and a child. 

 Aveva la siguoria di una cittA e d' 



uu popolo, he had the principality 



of a city and a people. 



Mettete un toragliolo, ed una bet- 

 tikflio sopra la tarola, put on Uu 

 table a uapl'tn and a bottle. 



Ho comprato una tarola, ed uno 

 spccchio, / have bought a table 

 and a looking-glau. 



THE PARTITIVE ARTICLE. 



Rule 12. The partitive article di, del, dello, della, some, ia 

 used to express a portion or a part of anything : 



Datemi del pane, give me some 



bread. 

 Comprate delle pernici, buy some 



partridges. 

 Ecco della salsa, here is some sauce. 



Rule 13. The Italians use 

 express the quality or species 

 sense : 

 Bevete vin nero o rin bianco? 



do you drill/: red or irhite 



urine? 

 Buone pane, e buon' acqua bas- 



tano per la uutrizione del corpo 



umano, good bread and irater are 



sufficient for the food of the human 



body. 



Portategli dell* arrosto, briuj to 



him- some roast meat. 

 Prendcte della cioccokta, tain 



some chocolate. 



no partitive article when they 

 of a noun taken in a general 



Sono donne leggiadre, these are 

 pretty tcomen. 



Mangiano come lupi, (hey eat likt 

 valves. 



Grandi avvcuinicuti, c grandi re- 

 voluzioni seguirouo la morte di 

 Cesare, great events and revolu- 

 tions /ollou-ed the death of Ccuar. 



NOUNS. 



Rule 14. When two nouns in English are united by the 

 preposition of, di ia used before the latter, if it requires no 

 article ; but if it does, it is preceded by del, dello, deUo, ; as for 

 example : 



II valore dei Frances*, the valour of 



the French, 

 n dente di giudizio spnnta tardi, 



the tooth of visdom springs lute. 



L' ainore di Dio, the love of God. 

 La c.ittcdrale di Firenze, the 

 Cathedral of Florence. 



I flutti del mare, t/ tcavee of the 

 sea. 



Rule 15. If in English a noun is in the possessive case, and 

 followed by another noun, in Italian the former is placed after 

 the latter, preceded by di, del, dello, della, or dei, etc. ; aa in 

 these examples : 



La chiesa di S. Paolo, Saint Paul's 

 church. 



II palazzo di S. Giacomo, Saint 

 James's Palace. 



Le leggi del Grau-Duca diToscana, 

 the Great Duke of Tuscany's laic*. 1 



Rule 16. When two nouns are joined together in English, 

 forming a compound noun, and showing the matter of which a 

 thing is made, the preposition di is put between the two 

 nouns : 



La figlia del re, (he ting's daughter. 



I guanti della moglie del maestro 

 di casa del fratello del re, (JU 

 king's brother'* steward's %ci/c's 

 gloves. 



Vedo una casa di mattoui, I see a 



brick house. 

 Ecco la statua di marmo, behold 



the marble status. 



nn dio di legno, it is a wooden 



god. 

 Datemi un orologio d' oro, gite BM 



a gold vrotch. 



