202 



THE POPULAE EDUCATOR. 



some of the brighter lights, will give value by contrast to the 

 pearly greys and blue tones. Return to the trees and fore- 

 ground, and break over the masses with brown pink and terre- 

 yerte, dipping the brush into a little gamboge for the brighter 

 parts : this will flatten them a little, but they can afterwards 

 be relieved and the details assisted with touches of brown, 

 pink, and indigo ; all the previous greyer tones painted with 

 the indigo tint will still keep their places, if the terre-verte and 

 brown-pink tint is not too freely spread over them. 



The above instructions may be observed for the general 

 treatment of the subject, but our pupils must bear in mind 

 that there are many minor and additional particulars which 

 relate to accidental effects that could scarcely be introduced 

 here. As we have before remarked, close and continual obser- 

 vation on their part will make them acquainted with many 

 facts relating to colours and tints. A great deal of what we 

 have written can hardly be considered as more than a founda- 

 tion for an art which must eventually be perfected by unwearied 

 application and perseverance. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. LXIX. 



92. PARADIGM: OP A COMPOUND VERB SEPARABLE. 



Slnfangen, to begin. 



IND. Pres. 3d; fange an, bit fangft an, cr fang an ; hrir fangen an, 

 vjr fangt an, fte fangen an. Imp. 3d; ftng an, bit ftugfl an, cv ftng ait; 

 ttnt ftngen an, i6r fingt an, fie ftngen an. Per/. 3d; f;abe angefangcn ; tuir 

 faben angcfangcn. Plup. 3d; !;atte angcfangen ; loir fatten angcfangcu. 

 First Put. 3d; merbc anfangen ; wit merten anfangcn. Second Fut. 

 3d; rcctbc angefangen fyaben ; imc nxrten angcfangen tyaben. 



SUB. Pres. 3d; fange an, bit fangcft an, cr fange an ; njir fangen an, 

 iljr fanget an, fie fangen an. Imp. 3d; finge an, bu fingeft an, cr fingc 

 an ; ir ftngen an, U;v finget *UT, fte pngcn an. Perf. 3d; tyabe angefan> 

 gen; roir fyabcn angefangen. Plup. 3d; I;atte angcfangen; n>ir fatten 

 angcfangcn. First Put. 3d; lucrre anfangen ; unt lucrtcn anfangen. 

 Second Fut. 3d; nxibe angefangen 6abcn ; >uir roerbcn angefangen Imbcn. 



COND. First Fut. 3d; njtttte anfangen; mir imirbcn anfangen 

 Second Fut. 3d; nnttbe angcfangen I;abcn ; u>ir njurbcn angcfangen fyabcn. 



IMP. Pres. Sangc (bu) an, fange er an ; fangen unr an, fange: (if;t) an, 

 fangen fte an. 



INF. Pres. Slnfangen or an$ufangen, to begin. Perf. Angcfangcn 

 fyaben, to have begun. First Fut. Slnfangcu mcrten, to be about to 

 begin. 



PART. Pres. Slnfangenb, beginning. Perf. Angefangen, begun. 



93. OBSERVATIONS ON THE PARADIGM. 



(1.) An inspection of the above paradigm will show that the 

 separation of the prefix from the radical part of the verb takes 

 place in the indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive (when 

 preceded by 311), and the perfect participle. In the indicative 

 and subjunctive, however, the separation is not made when, in 

 dependent sentences, the verb is placed at the end of a clause 

 or period; thus, al3 tie unne biefen -DJorgen aufgtng, fo wfdjroanb ber 

 9}ebel, when the sun rose (aufgtng) this morning, the fog dis- 

 appeared. 



(2.) In regard to the position of the particle, when separated, 

 it must be noted that in the indicative, subjunctive, and impe- 

 rative, it stands after the radical ; often, also, after the several 

 words dependent upon it; thus, id; fange bag SSurf; an (where an, 

 belonging to fange, comes after the object). I begin the book. 



(3.) In the infinitive and the perfect participle, on the con- 

 trary, the particle comes before the radical ; being separated 

 from it, in the infinitive, by ju (when that preposition is em- 

 ployed), and, in the participle, by the augment ge, which is pecu- 

 liar to that part of the verb ; thus, anjnfangcn (an+$u-}-fangcn), to 

 begin, to commence ; scrgcfteUt (m'+ge-f-jMt), placed before one, 

 represented. 



(4.) It remains to be added, that particles, when separated 

 from the radicals, receive the full or principal accent ; and that 

 the radicals (if verbs) have the same form of conjugation, old or 

 new, regular or irregular, as when employed without prefixes. 



94-INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. 



The prefixes of this class, as the name implies, are always 

 found in close union with their radicals. They allow not even 

 the augment syllable g c, in the perfect participle, to intervene, 

 but reject it altogether ; from this, however, must be excepted 

 the case of the prefix rntfi, which, in a few instances, allows the 



augment ge to be prefixed; thus (from mijibeuten, to misinterpret) 

 we have, in the perfect participle, gcmtjibeutet ; as, bebccft (not be> 

 gececft), covered, from bebcrfen, to cover. Neither is 511 (when used) 

 allowed to come between the prefix and the infinitive, but stands 

 before the two combined into one word ; as, jit empfangen (not 

 empjttfangen), to receive ; except in case of compound prefixes, 

 wherein the first component is a separable and the second an 

 inseparable particle, ju being then inserted between the two 

 particles, as, anjuerfennen (from anerfenncn). The inseparable 

 prefixes are always unaccented, except Sifter and 2)itp. 



95. SIMPLE PREFIXES INSEPARABLE. 



2tfterrcben, to talk behind (one's 



back) ; to slander. 

 33efommcn, to come by, i.e., to 



get ; to obtain. 

 (Jmpftnben, to find or feel 



within ; to perceive, 

 apart, away, to deprive of ; ittge&cn, to go away or off; 



to escape, 

 forth, for, on behalf of ; Grtlaven, to make clear for 



(one) ; to explain, 

 or ebenfcn (same as bent en), to 



think of. 



Dhpreuten, to misinterpret. 

 3?erfd;lafcn, to sleep away, i.e., 



lose by sleeping. 

 2Btberflef;en, to stand against ; 



to resist. 

 3crfd;ncircn, to cut apart, or 



in pieces. 



96. VERBS WITH INSEPARABLE PREFIXES DERIVED 

 FROM COMPOUND NOUNS. 



2lftet, 



tit, 

 ft, 



@e, 



SBiber, 

 3er, 



after, behind ; 



near, by, over, to make. 



in, within ; 



(mainly, intensive 



euphonic); 

 wrong, erroneously; 

 away, at a loss ; 



against ; 

 apart, asunder 



lay 



!l]crabfd;cuen, to abhor, detest. 

 !}3crabfd;ieben, to send away, 



dismiss. 

 aSetottloffen, 



to occasion, 

 cause. 



5Scvau3gaben, to spend, pay 

 away. 



!3canfprud;cn, to claim, 

 claim to anything. 



JSeaufficftttgcn, to inspect, con- 

 trol. 



i^eaiiftragcn, to commission. 



^erabrclen, to concert, agree 

 upon. 



97. OBSERVATIONS. 



(1.) 23e has in German the same power which it has in Eng- 

 lish. It is, therefore, in most cases, better transferred than 

 translated. Its uses will be easily learned from examples. 

 Thus, from 



JJlagen, to moan. 93cflagen, to bemoan. 



<3treiten, to strev/. 33eftrencn, to feestrew. 



!'ad;en, to laugh. 23ctad;en, to laugh at. 



Slugel, a wing. SScflftgedt, to furnish with wings, 



hasten. 



liicf, happiness. S3eg(urfen, to make happy. 



Sret, free. SSefceien, to set free. 



In some instances it is merely euphonic. 

 (2.) @mp and ent. nt is, probably, only another form of 

 ettt ; occurring, however, only in three verbs (empftnben, to feel ; 

 empfangcn, to receive ; empfcfijen, to recommend), and bearing a 

 sense but remotely related to its original. The prime and pre- 

 dominant power of ent is that of indicating separation, de- 

 parture, privation. 



In some instances it has the kindred sense of approach or 

 transition from one point or condition towards another. For 

 example : 



e^eit, to go. ntgetyen, to get off, escape. 



3te(;cn, to draw. ntjtef;cn, to withdraw. 



^aupt, the head. Sntfyaupten, to deprive of the 



head, to behead. 

 JJraft, power. ntfraften, to deprive of power, 



weaken. 

 aSlcbe, dim-eyed, dull, bash- Gntbloben, to divest of shame, 



f ul. be bold. 



ptecben. to speak. ntfprccbcn, to answer, or corre- 



spond to. 



<5nt is sometimes, also, merely intensive or euphonic; as, ent. 

 teeren (from leer, empty), to empty out. 



(3.) c and <:. r, as a general rule, conveys the idea of 



