LKSSONS IX LATIN. 



215 



. iitiuiUvo mood, the subjunctive muni be em- 

 ployed. Th . lit' I'lnplnyin^ another mood than the 

 infinitive arisen from lli>< fact that for the expression of the 

 sense, you hare to use tho relative pronoun, or some relative 

 partiolo, such as quod, quin, quwn. 



.-.ill. .1 tin' obliqua oratio, tho relative clause takes 

 :l> in tin- subjunctive mood. Tho obliqua oratio, or in> 

 of speech, takes place when a fact, instead of 

 l>i'intf simply related as a fact, is given as set forth or con- 

 > speaker. The obliqua oratio supposes or implies 

 the recta, the straightforward or simple statement ; as 

 The Ricta Oratio. Reverai stint qui venerunt. 



They who tame returned. 

 Tht Obliqua Oratio. Reversoe ease qui venerint indignabatur Cssar. 



C<xar u-as angry that they who came returned. 

 Here qui venerunt in tho direct form is changed into qui vene- 



;:i tho indirect form. 



If the relative clause expresses aa object or aim, the sub- 

 junctive is required ; as 



Delecti Dolphos missi aunt qui consiikrcnt Apollinem, 

 Chosen persona were sent to Delphi to consult Apollo. 

 Hero there is a latent reference to tho understood or avowed 

 design in the minds of those who chose tho deputies. Had the 

 word stood qui consuluerunt, tho sonso would havo boon that 

 persons were sent, and that those persons did consult tho 

 oracle, whether chosen for that purpose or not. 



A relative clause is put in the subjunctive when tho relative 

 has a causal force, that is, assigns the reason of tho act, or the 

 nature, tho consequence, or tho result of the thing ; as 

 Incidunt causco qua conturbent animos, 

 Events happen of such a nature aa to disturb our minds ; 

 a different statement from 



Incidunt causco quas conturbant aaiinos, 

 Events happen, and these events disturb the mind, 

 whether or not they aro of a nature to do so. 



The relative followed by a subjunctive is often preceded by 

 dignus, indiynus, idoneus, aptus, tantus, talis, is, ejusmodi, etc.: 

 for example 



Tabula non satis digna Bunt qua iterum Zegantur, 

 The plays are not tcorth bei?ij read a second time. 

 There is a causal force in the phrases, is sum qui, I am the 

 person (to do so and so), est qui, sunt qui, reperiuntur qui, there 

 are such persons, persons are found who, etc. : for example 

 Ego is sum qui CoBsari concedi putom, utile ease, 

 I am the person to think it useful to concede to Casar. 

 Somewhat similar aro the negative phrases nemo est quin, 

 nihil est quin; as 



Xejo in Sicilia tota ullam picturam fuisse quin Verres comjuisterit. 



1 deny that there was in all Sicily a picture but Verres made it his oicn. 

 Here the particle quin is equivalent to quam non. 



As tho relative quin, so the relative particles quod and quum, 

 when they assign a reason, require a subjunctive mood ; but 

 these will bo treated as conjunctions. 



Sometimes tho causal force of the relative must be given in 

 English by a circumlocution ; as 

 Tarquinio quid impudentius, qui bellnm /jereret cum iis qui non tulorunt 



ejus superbiam? 



JFJiat it more impudent than Tarjui>i, who made war against those who did 

 not brook his arrogance J 



In this translation the force of the qui with the subjunctive 

 is hardly seen. It would be better to say FOB he made war or 

 INASMUCH os he made war, or to paraphrase tbe words thus, 

 whose impudence was seen in that he made war. 



Occasionally the particles utpote and quippe are prefixed to 

 the relative in order to increase its causal force ; for example 

 Antonius non procul aberat, utpote qni expeditus sequeretur, 

 Antony was not far distant, since he followed unencumbered. 



CONJUNCTIONS AND VERBS. 



Conjunctions aro words which unite other words together. 

 This is the meaning of the term con/unction (con and junyo), if 

 we are guided by its etymology. A wider signification is re- 

 quired by the service which conjunctions render. Led by their 

 application, we may define conjunctions as words which mark 

 the relations in which sentences and clauses of sentences (or 

 abbreviated sentences) stand to each other. How numerous 

 those relations are may be learnt from these 



CLAMM or covjuvcTioyi. 



1. Copulative, or inch a* are tuod in combination! : et, and , 



quo, and (<[ue in called an enclitic, that i*. it U subjoined 

 to the word it qualifies, and throws iU accent on the word ; 

 for example, hominom doorunv/m?, of men and god*) ; etUm, 

 alto : quoquo (enclitic), alto ; neqae, nee, neither, and not ; 

 ot et, both; noquo neque, neither nor. 



2. Adversative, or such as denote opposition: at, but (wt, 



poetical) ; tamen, yet ; verum, truly ; TOTO, in reality ; 

 attSmen (at and tamen), verumtamen, but yet ; enimrero. 

 verum cnimvero, but indeed; Bed, but; autem, but ; atqui, 

 but yet. 



3. Disjunctive, or such as denote separation : ant, Tel, re (en- 



clitic), or; aut ant, either, or; vel rel, ve ve, either or. 



4. Causal, or such as assign a reason : nam, namquo, enim, 



ctcnim (ct and enim), for; quum (from qui), tince ; quod 

 (from qui), because; quoniam (quum and jam), tince; 

 quandoquidem, seeing that; tanquam ((am and quam), at, 

 as if. 



5. Conclusive, or such as indicate a conclusion or inference : eo, 



ideo (id and eo), idcirco (id and circa), propterea (propter 

 and ca), on that acciunt ; ergo (Greek tpyov, er'-gon, work, 

 deed), igitur, therefore; proinde, accordingly; quocirca, 

 quamobrem, wherefore. 



6. Local, or such as indicate place : nbi, where ; unde, whence ; 



quo, whither ; qua, by what road ; quatenus, how far. 



7. Temporal, or such as signify time : dum, whilst ; donee, until; 



quoad (quod and ad), up to the time when; quum, when, 

 since ; quum primnm, as soon as ; quando, since ; pring- 

 quam, antcquam, anteaquam, before; postquam, poeteaquam, 

 after; simulac (simul and oc), simulatque, simul, as soon 

 as; ut, as; utprimum.as soon as; nbi, where, since ; quoties, 

 as often as. 



8. Comparative, or such as imply a comparison : nt (uti), aicnt, 



velut, ceu, like, just as ; quomodo, quemadmodum, in which 

 manner, that, as ; quippe, for, since. 



9. Conditional, or such as express a condition or stipulation : 



si, if; nisi (ne and si), unless; sin (si and ne), but if; si 

 m5do, if only ; dummMo, modo, provided that ; dummodo 

 ne, modo ne, if only not; sive (sen), or if; give sive, 

 whether that or. 



10. Concessive, or such as denote a concession or admission : 

 etsi (et and si), although; etiamsi, even if; tametsi (but 

 if), quanquam, although; quam vis, quamlibet, quantum vis, 

 however; licet, if indeed ; nt, suppose that. 



11. Final, or such as assign the end, object, or result : nt, ir. 



order that; ne, in order that not; neve (neu), and in order 

 that not, nor ; quin, that not, but ; quo, wherewith ; quo- 

 minus, wherewith not. 



It is not possible to assign to these and other particles mean- 

 ings which shall be applicable in all cases. Tbe meanings 

 actually given must be modified by experience. The subject u, 

 one of special difficulty, and can be mastered only by long and 

 careful study. 



Some of these classes of conjunctions qualify rather than 

 govern verbs ; such aro tho copulative, the adversative, the 

 disjunctive, the conclusive, etc. It is chiefly the causal, the 

 conditional, the concessive, and the final that exert on verbs 

 the peculiar influence which wo have termed government they 

 havo, that is to say, a direct action, and as a direct action, BO a 

 direct influence on verbs, producing in them a change of mood. 

 The following sentence presents an instance of a qualifying 

 conjunction and an instance of a governing conjunction : 



Legum idcirco omnes send sumus, nt liberi ease possimns, 

 We are all slaves to (he Jaw*, on (hat account that ice may be frte. 



Idcirco qualifies the first member of the sentence, and ut 

 (that or in order that) governs the verb of the second, putting 

 it into the subjunctive mood. 



The subjunctive is for the most part the mood which govern- 

 ing conjunctions require ; but quod, for instance, may stand 

 with the indicative : for example 



Quauta est beniguitoa nature quod tarn multo ad rescendom gignit, 

 ifoir jrat is tlie kindness of Nature that she produces to many things to eat. 



The indicative is employed generally when the second member 

 is explanatory of the first, and the quod is little more than a 

 connecting particle. 



