LESSONS IN GERMAN. 



119 



rd (from iwr, roa. u7u>, what); far, MJwjr, and bin, tkitfmr 

 .some corresponding demonstrative pronoun no longer 

 found). 



fj.) The pronominal adverbs, in combination with other words, 



it to a number of compounds. Thus ta and no, united 



with i : . MLTVO often instead of the dative and OCCUHO- 



vivo (ifittfi-) of the pronouns ttr. ntt, and mtldjft respectively. 



lioeil, that when the other word begins with a vowel 



<>r with t!> ! ti T u, ta and mo are written tar and not , that is, 



Tt.-il f..r tho sake of euphony. Tho following are 



iiml* of ta and no : 



i hereby, i.e., by this or 2Bobei, whereby, i.e., by which. 

 that. 



r. therefore, i.e., for this or 2Bofur, wherefore, i.e., for which. 

 thai 



flBomit, wherewith, i.e., with 



which. 

 SBi'rin, wherein, i.e., in which. 



i.e., under which. 



SBeruin, whereabout, i.e., about 



or for which, wherefore ; why. 



lit. therewith, i.e., with this 



or that. 

 Tann, therein, i.e., in this or 



that. 

 !Tanintcr, thereunder or among, SBeruntfr, wherounder, among, 



i.e., under this or that. 

 t.r:u::i, thereabout or therefore, 



i.e., for this or that; therefore. 

 ITaran, thereon, i.e., on this or SBoran, whereto, i.e., to which. 



that. 

 Sarauf, thereupon, i.e., upon SBcrouf, whereupon, i.e., upon 



this or that. which. 



therefrom, i.e., from 2J3orau wherefrom, i.e., from 



this or that. which. 



thereof, i.e., of this or 2Bocon, whereof, i.e., of which. 



that. 

 2>a$u, thereto, i.e., to this or 2BojU, whereto, i.e., to which. 



that. 

 iEaturd;, there-through or there- SBrturd;, whereby, i.e., by or 



by, i.e., through or by this through which. 



or that. 



(3.) In like manner b/t and bin appear, also combined with 

 other words. Between these two particles a distinction exists, 

 wherever they are used, whether alone or in composition with 

 other words, which should be well understood and always 

 Toinemberod. They are, in signification, exact opposites : b^t in- 

 dicating motion or direction towards the speaker ; l;tn implying 

 motion or direction away from the speaker. Tho following are 

 examples : 

 Jperab, down hither, i.e., where $ina(, down thither, i.e., away 



the speaker is. 

 -Vcrauf, up hither. 

 -VcrauS, out hither. 

 Vert in, in hither ; into this place. 

 -Vicrfttr, or b,icb,er, hither here ; 



this way. 



-*?crubtt, over hither. 

 - ( }crunttr, under hither. 

 .abcr, from there hither, i.e., 



thence. 



from the speaker. 

 5tnauf, up thither. 

 'Jiiuuj, out thither. 

 $incin, into that place. 

 $icrb. in, thither ; this way for- 



ward. 



Simibcr, over thither. 

 $inuntrr, under there. 

 3)ab,tn, from thither (to) there, 



i.e., thither. 



2Bcb.tr, from which place hither, 2Bpbtn,from which place thither, 



i.e., whence. 



i.e., whither. 



(4.) Wo have no words in English corresponding exactly in 

 use and force with b,cr and b,in ; and therefore, though every- 

 where in German their force may be felt, it cannot always bo 

 expressed by single words, in translation. Hence they are often 

 treated as expletives. 



104. ADVERBS FORMED FROM VERBS. 



(1.) Adverbs are formed from verbs by suffixing to the radical 

 part the termination ltd;. All adverbs so formed, however, are 

 ly employed as adjectives ; thus, 

 OH.iublid; (from g(aub-)-tn, to believe), credibly. 

 Stcrblid; (from fterb-f-en, to die), mortally. 

 .ftUglid? (from Hag + en, to lament), lamentably. 

 SWtrflid; (from merf + n, to note, perceive), perceptibly. 



105.-ADVERBS FORMED BY COMPOSITION. 



(1.) Besides the classes given above, a numerous list of ad- 

 verbs in German is produced by the union of various parts of 

 speech. Thus, the word SBtife (mode, manner), combined with 

 nouns, forms a class of adverbs employed chiefly in specifying 



things individually or separately; tha, tyrurnxtft. step by step ; 

 tb.nla)f ifc, part by part ; trcpfrnn*ii>, drop by drop. fflnfe U alo 

 added to adjectives ; as, tufetyrrmtft. thisvihly ; glfeflu*mn<c. 



Sometime* an adverb and a prepocitior are united ; ex- 

 amples of which may be found under the bead of adverb* formed 

 from pronouns ( 103). 



(3.) Sometimes adverbs are formed by the onion or the repe- 

 >f prepositions ; as, t urAaul, throughout, thoroughly ; 

 turd? unt turd), through and through. 



(4.) Sometime* a noun and a pronoun joined together a*rr 

 as an adverb ; as, mtintrfcitl, on my side ; twlfntf. on this aide; 

 aUertim]*, by all means. 



(5.) Sometimes one adverb is formed from another by the ad- 

 dition of a suffix ; as, gtnugfam. sufficiently ; sometimes by the 

 union of another adverb ; as, mmnurmtfc nevermore. 



(6.) Sometimes the several words composing a phrase are, by 

 being brought into union, mode to perform the office of an ad- 

 verb ; thus, furn>ab.r (for fur )t>ab.r), verily ; fanfl (for the obsolete 

 fo ne ifl, if it is not), otherwise, else. 



106. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 



(1.) Many adverbs, -hiefly, however, those expressive of 

 manner, are susceptible of the degrees of comparison. The 

 forma for these are the same in adverbs as in adjectives. 



(2.) It must be observed, however, that when a comparison, 

 strictly speaking, is intended, the form of the superlative pro- 

 duced by prefixing am (see Obs. 38) should always be em- 

 ployed ; as, tr fd;ibt am frf;cnflcn, he writes the most beautiful 

 (of all). 



(3.) If, on the other hand, we purpose, not to compare indivi- 

 duals one with another, but merely to denote extreme excellence 

 or eminence, there are three ways in which it may properly be 

 done : First, by using the simple or absolute form of the super- 

 lative ; as, tr gruit frcuntlid;ft. he greets or salutes in a manner 

 very friendly, very cordially. Secondly, by employing auf* (auf+ 

 taS) with the accusative, or jum (jti+ttm) with the dative, of the 

 superlative ; as, auf freuntlid;iU, in a manner very friendly ; jum 

 fd;enflen, in a manner very beautiful. Lastly, by adding to the 

 simple form of the superlative the termination cn; as, btften*. 

 the best or in the best manner ; bod>fhn, at the highest or at 

 the most. 



107. THE PREPOSITION. 



(1.) The prepositions in German that is, the words employed 

 merely to denote the relations of things are commonly classified 

 according to the cases with which they are construed. Some of 

 them are construed with the genitive only ; some with the 

 dative only ; some with the accusative only ; and some either 

 with the dative or accusative, according to circumstances. 



(2.) They may also, on a different principle, be divided into 

 two general classes : the primifire and the derivative. The 

 primitive prepositions always govern either the dative or the 

 accusative ; the derivative prepositions are found, for the most 

 part, in connection with the genitive only. 



