LKSSONS IN (iKKKK. 



m 



MAICI 



j9opa8rjs, 



SONS IN CKKKK. XLIX. 



FORMATION OP WOlci'S ,, ,,,- lIlia d). 



vict, or nonn> -it from a father (warrjp), 



an ancestor, are formed montly by tho suffix 8tj for the 

 I rnorely i for tho t'eininino. This suffix is added 

 immediately to, the stem in a ; as 



IT Ml MM:. jrOMINATIVE. 



Bopt&t, Boptdt, the north wind. 



Atvttdt, jKneaa. 



To consonantal stems the suffix is appended by means of the 

 vowel i ; as, Kcpoiri8rji (masc.), Ktxpowa (fern.), from K*potJ/, 



in (u and o of tho third declension also take tho con- 

 ' vowel , before which the v or i disappears : 

 n7>Ai5jr, from FI;A<ui. ArjToiSrjj, from ATJTOI. 



The o of tho second declension is replaced by i ; as 



MASCULINE. FEMINIST. NOMINATIVE. 



TatraAiSTjs, TajraAir, from original, TafraAoj. 



KpovtSrjs, Kpovos. 



Only ty (nom. os) is changed into ta ; as 



MASCULINE. FEMININE. NOMINATIVE. 



to-TiaSrjj, Qtartas, from original, Qtanos. 



MefoirjaS^j, ,, Wltvotrtos. 



A less frequent suffix for patronymics is ui>; as Kpoviuv, son 

 of Kpoi/or. 



.'ia, or nouns denoting the gens or race, tho conn try or 

 the tribe, whence a person is sprung, have the suffixes 



1. tv (nom. *us) ; as Meyaptvs, from tho noun-stem Mfyapo, 



nom. ra Mtyapa, Megara ; EpTpios, from the noun-stem 

 Eptrpjo, nom. Eptrpia. Feminine gentilia end in 8 (nom. s); 

 as MtyapiS, nom. Meyapts, a woman of Megara ; 2/ceAia>- 

 Ti8, nom. 2iK(Aiarm, a woman of Sicily. 



2. ra (nom. rijt) ; as Ttyfarijs (Ttyia), Aiyivi)rr)s (Aiytvrj), 



The most important suffixes for the formation of adjectives 

 are these : 



1. 10 (nom. IDS) expresses in the most general way the idea 



involved in the noun from which the adjective comes ; as 

 ovpavtos. heavenly (from the nonn ovpavos, heaven). By 

 appending to you also form adjectives from adjectives as 

 stems, as f\ev6eptos, liberal, from t\tv6tp (eAeufopos, free) ; 

 also gentile adjectives from names of places thus, from 

 MiA?7Toj comes MATJO-OJ, and from AQnvat comes AOijvatos. 



2. HO (nom. KOS), which is generally appended to the stem by 



means of i, and in words derived from verbal stems signifies 

 fitness ; as from apx (px w ) comes apxmos, Jit for governing. 

 From nouns as stems are formed adjectives which denote 

 tho peculiar quality of the noun ; as /SaffiAj/cos, kingly 

 (/3a<riAftis, a king). 



3. ivoi, 4. tos, ovt, indicate the stuff or substance of which a 



thing is made ; as \t6tvos, stony, from \t6os, a stone ; 

 Xpvfftos, xP vaovs i golden, from xP vao ^i gold. 

 5. tts (fern, (orffa, neut. tv) denotes fulness ; as x a P'' y > f u ^ f 

 grace or beauty (from x a P' s > grace, beauty) ; v\ri(ts, full of 

 wood (from v\ri, a wood or forest). 



VERBS. 



Verbs are in various ways formed from nouns as stems. In 

 the ensuing list the verbs are arranged according to their ter- 

 minations, as they appear in the present tense : 



1. 001 ; as ftiffBoa, I hire (from juifffloj, wages, reward); xP vffow > 



I gild (xpvffos, gold). 



2. au ; as TJ/IOW, I honour (TI^UTJ, honour) ; oiriaojuaj, I accuse 



(atria, cause, blame). 



3. (ta ; as apiQutta, I number (apifyxor, number) ; tvruxttn, I am 



fortunate (tvTvxns, fortunate). 



4. tvia ; as Ba<rt\fv<a, I am a king (0a<nAeus, a king) ; &ov\tuw, 



I counsel (Bov\ri, counsel). 



5. i^a- ; as (Airifw, / hope (f\irts, hope) ; 'EAArjyifa, I speak Greek 



('EAATji/, a Greek). 



6. afc ; as Si/co^w, I judge (Si/c??, justice) ; tpya&nat, I labour 



\tpyov, labour). 



7. aivo> ; as atinatvu, I signify (<nj/*o, o sign) ; \fvKatvv, I whiten 



(,\f\,Kos, white}. 



8. wu; an Jitufu, I iweeten (^81/1, tweet)-, \anwpwv, I adorn 

 (\anvpoi, brilliant). 



Vrom the Mima noun M a Btcm may be derived ercral verb*, 

 having ditFercnt terminutiona and different meaning*; than, 

 Jot/Ao-, SouAot, a slave ; 8oi/Aoa>, / enclave ; SovXt tw, I am a 

 lave ; iroAc^u-, oA/*oi, war ; woA>iw and wo\t^i(v, J carry 

 on war i woA*/to, to .- liet. 



Verbs may also be formed from verb*. There are three 

 ehim of verbs which set forth the idea conveyed by tho 

 primitive verb under certain modifications; these are called 

 frequent native, and Jetideratirc. The frequentative 



are those verbs which denote a repetition of the act ; the in. 

 choativo those which denote the commencement of the act ; and 

 the desiderativo are those which express a desire towards thai 

 which the primitive declares. 



1. Frequentatives. Frequentatives are formed partly from 

 the unchanged stem by means of the terminations a(a>, i(u>, 

 vu>, partly by the conversion of the stem-vowel into o with the 

 termination * ta, or by the lengthening of o into u, the termina- 

 tion uu> being added: for example, aftvafa, I groan frequently 

 (from artvtiv, to groan) ; atnfa, I ask often, I beg (from curfov 

 to ask). 



2. Inchoatives. Inchoatives are formed by the addition of 

 the termination OKU ; as, ptdvffKu, I am addicted to drunken- 

 ness (from nfOuav, to use strong drink) ; r t &aon<a, I become an 

 adult (from r]&av, to be an adult). 



3. Desideratives. Desideratives are generally formed from 

 the first future of the primitive verb by the addition of the ter- 

 mination of ttoa ; as, yt Kaatiu, I desire to laugh (from yt \a.i> t to 

 laugh) ; iroA(U7)(Tio>, / u-ish to be in war (from ToAf/ufiv, to make 

 war). Desideratives are formed also from verbal substar.tivcB 

 by means of the terminations ioo> and ana ; as, xAat/triaw, I with 

 to weep (from Aat/<m, weeping) ; err par try tau, I wish to be a 

 general (from (rrparriyos, a general) ; 8a.va.ra.ui, I desire death 

 (from Qa.va.ro3, death). 



COMBINATION. 



Besides primitive and derivative words, the Greek language 

 has compound words. Compound words are such as are made 

 up of two words or more, and are designed to express complex. 

 ideas. To the multitude of compounds which the Greek pos- 

 sesses that language at once owes its richness and its exactitude, 

 so that by means of a compound possessing two or three com- 

 ponents it expresses that for the full utterance of which several 

 words would be required in English : for example,. irrtiuptvyie 

 (\nro,from, (K, out of, and <ptuy<a, I flee) signifies / flee home out 

 of a place away from some one; and TpoKOToAaju^cww (p, 

 before, Kara, down, and Ao/*/3ai<a>, I take) signifies / take some- 

 thing before some one else. The subject is very pregnant, and 

 here can be only looked at superficially. 



A noun which in combination takes the first place appears in 

 its stem-form ; as 



<ra*(s-iraAor, 



city -neighbour, choir-teacher, shield-maker, 



neighbouring city, teacher of dancing, warrior, 



where avrv, xP (xP*)> an( ^ ffaxtt (ffeutoy, a shield) are in the 

 stem-form. 



Consonantal stems are in general united with the second com- 

 pound by the connecting vowel o ; as, av6ptarr-o-*oios, image- 

 maker; TtarpoKTovos, father-slayer. 



This connecting o is found, also, after short vowels ; as ^iwno- 

 Atryoj, nature-investigator; ixOvoQayos, fish-eater; and is the 

 regular representative of an a in tho stem, as ^fipo5pofioi, day- 

 runner ; x w Pyp< l <P os > place-describe); where the first components 

 are tint pa, a day, and x w P a ^ a P^ ace r country. 



The o disappears before a vowel-; as, xp(o)l7<>*> a choir-leader; 

 iraTpa5A$oj, father's brother. Yet it remains in words which 

 originally began with the aspirate which is called the digamma, 

 equivalent to our v, as op (in Latin ver), spring ; also in tutoci 

 (Doric Futon, Latin viginti), thus, Sijuiocpyoj (Homeric), 

 Sr/fiioi/p-yos (Attic), hand-worker. 



The termination of a word is often in combination somewhat 

 changed, especially if the compound is an adjective ; thus r:/in 

 becomes n^tos, and irpa-ia, Trpayfuw: for example, $AO-TIUO, 

 honour-loving ; ToAu-Tpa7/xa'i', much-doing (a busy-body). 



Tho termination ijj (masculine and feminine) and the termina- 

 tion j (neuter) deserve attention : they are appended 



