LESSONS IN SPANISH. 



not (dmfc that hi hoe (may 

 par. 



Tetno que no teogan dinero, I 



ff.ir (/..<( fhi-y u-tU nut have (may not 

 have) money. 



.s expressing will, derire, command, permission, promt**, 

 /oar, doubt, probability, fitness, or necessity, followed by the 



conjunction </its (or any other conditional conjunction), generally 

 the verb which follows the conjunction to bo in tho sub- 

 . o mood (and not in tho indicative-, aa in English) ; aa 



.['!. tungni aciete, I doubt No creo que tonga pent, 1 to 

 vhrtlier thou hast (mayett have) oil. 

 *ibl quo toucan UTH, it u 

 fouMt that, they Jiuvo (may have) 

 yropee). 



En procUo quo mo vuyn, it it 

 MOeeeary that I yo (may go). 



There are some conjunctive phrases which, aa they imply a 

 condition or doubt in themselves, are always followed by the 

 subjunctive mood ; these are, para que, in order that ; dado qne, 

 granted that; no sea que, lest; a menoa que, unless; a fin do 

 que, to the end that; con tal que, provided that; antes qne, 

 '/MI/ ; supnesto que, suppose that; en caso deque, in case 

 that ; bien que, although; sin qne, -without or unless that; como 

 quiera que, notwithstanding that; por mas que, however; siem- 

 pro que, whenever that ; ojala, would that, or would to God 

 that; as, hablo para que puedas juzcar, I speak in order that 

 thou mayest be able to judge, 



Tho conjunction ought always to be expressed in Spanish ; as, 

 "he promised us [that] he would come," nos prometid que 

 vfiidrfa. 



THE PASSIVE VERB. 



The passive verb is generally rendered in Spanish by ser, and 

 always when the subject of the verb is acted upon by an agent ; 

 that is, when in English it would be accompanied with the 

 preposition by ; as 



Este discurso fud escrito por This discourse was written by 

 Diego, JawiM. 



The passive verb must be rendered in Spanish by cstar when 

 the past participle is used adjectively; that is, when the subject 

 of the verb does not seem so nmch to bo acted upon by an agent 

 as to have its state or condition described ; as 



El discurso estuvo bien escrito, 



the discourse u-os well written. 



El libro esta correjido, the book 

 is corrected. 



The passive verb formed by ser is used in Spanish in the 

 present and imperfect of the indicative mood, only when it is 

 designed to express a mental act or a state of the emotions ; 

 as in this example : 



Maria cs amada do Carlos, Hart; is beloved I'j diaries. 



When a mental act or a state of the emotions is not ex- 

 pressed, tho passive verb, if it be used, must not be in the 

 present or imperfect of tho indicative mood ; thus wo cannot 

 say, el libro ea escrito por nn Espanol, the book is vn-itten by a 

 Spaniard, bnt, el libro ha sido escrito por un Espauol, the book 

 has been written by a Spaniard. 



When a mental act or state of tho emotions is expressed, the 

 prepositions de or por may be used after the passive verb before 

 the agent ; but when a mental act or state of the emotions is 

 not expressed, por only can be used ; as 



Maria es amada de (or por) 

 Carlos, .Mary is beloved, by Charles. 



Todas las cosas fueron hechns 

 por Dios, all things were mad by 

 God. 



Tho reflective pronoun se is often used with verbs of the 

 active voice, which are required to be rendered in English by 

 the passive. 



THE REGIMEN OF VERBS. 



The object or regimen of the verb is either direct or indirect. 

 The direct regimen is that on which the action immediately falls 

 without the aid of any preposition ; as 



Doy una pluma, I (five a pen. 



Tho indirect regimen is that on which the action of the verb 

 cannot fall without the aid of a preposition ; as 



Dijo ii la muger, He said to the woman. 



Sometimes both regimens are required after tho verb ; aa 



Dio una pluma a la muger, He gave a pen to the woman. 



When tho object of an active verb is a person or inanimate 

 thing personified, it must be preceded by the preposition d;* 

 aa in these examples : 



* This is a very important rule of Spanish syntax. 



La innger 4 quieu vlmos ao w DisfO via ft la 

 rtca, the woman whom we saw it not Jam* Mtt t*e mother e/ Jefet. 



rich. 



Sometimes tho harmony of the sentence requires the d to be 

 supproHHcd, especially after the persons of the verb toner, to 

 have or to possets ; as 



Tengo un uijo y tret bijiu, I have one eon and ttree sssfS' 



ten. 



One verb governs another in the infinitive mood ; M 



(juiereu iuiitarle, They want to imitate him. 



Some verbs, aa a general rule, require the preposition 4 

 before the infinitive which they govern ; such as those which 

 mean to attempt, to come, to go, to begin, to devote, to offer, to 

 dare, to serve, to invite, to learn, to teach, to urge, to assist, 

 to call, to advise, to submit, to prepare, to compel, to decide, to 

 remain, and to accustom one's self ; as 



FrolxS & levantarse, h attempted I Voy a verla, I am going to *ee 

 to raise himself. \ her. 



Some verbs generally require the preposition de before the 

 infinitive which they govern ; such aa those which mean to 

 cease, to be glad, to be ashamed, to resolve, to deprive, to fail, to 

 finish, to abstain, lo pity ; as 



Dejo de estudiar, he ceased to I No faltarfc de haoerlo, / iciB not 

 study. I /ail to do it. 



When the preposition to in English is used before the infini- 

 tive in tho sense in order to (aa he labours to acquire fa***, 

 meaning he labours in order to acquire fame), the preposition 

 para is used in Spanish before the infinitive ; aa 



El hombre fu<< criado para as- Man wa* created in order to aspirt 

 pirar a la felicidad, to felicity. 



Sometimes que precedes the infinitive instead of por or para ; 

 aa for example : 



Tiene algo que decirte, He fcoe something (which) to 1<H the* 



The infinitive is often used without any preposition before it, 

 especially when it is governed by verbs which mean to be obit, 

 to permit, to wish, to endeavour, to make, to feign, to owe, to 

 seem, to be wont, to know, to avail, to se,e, to hear, to succeed, 

 to hope, to be necessary, to think, to believe, to promise, to deign, 

 to be the duty, to pretend, to judge, to prescribe, to require, to 

 suffice; as 



No puede hacerlo, he is not able Deseo aprender, I wish to lean*, 

 to do it. 



The infinitive in Spanish, when used as a present partkapk- 

 in English, may take any preposition before it ; aa 



Sintio la necesidad de ponerle He felt the necessity of placing it 

 en manos de la juveutud, in the hands of the youth. 



Es constaute eu amarla, He is constant in loving her. 



The verbs to see and to hear never govern the gerund i^ 

 Spanish, but always the infinitive; thus we cannot say, le viq 

 viendo, I saw him coming, but, le vio venir, I saw him come, 



To know how is expressed in Spanish by to know ; aa / 



To no s^ uadar, I know not (how) to stcim. 



The infinitive, when governed by another verb in Spanish. 

 is sometimes required to be rendered by another mood in 

 English ; as 



Fiensa inoiir de alegria, 



Dioe 



He think* (o die (that he will dw) 

 of joy. 



He know* to otce his merit (thai 

 hie merit is owing) to God alone. 



I believe to tee (that J ut) my 

 /other. 



When in English a reflective verb, or a verb implying com- 

 mand, governs an infinitive in the passive voice, in Spanish 

 this infinitive must be in the active voice ; 



Sabo deber su mdrito a 

 solo, 



Creo ver a mi padre, 



No ta dejes yencer de lo malo, El rey se lo mando dor, the king 

 su/er not thyself to be overcome of ordered it to be given to him. 

 evil. 



When a verb ia governed by another in English, and can be 

 rendered in another mood by using the conjunction that, this 

 latter mood should bo employed in Spanish ; aa 



Espero que tendrc el gusto de I hope to hate (that I shall have) 

 verle en breve, the pleaur of seeing him eo. 



VERBS FOLLOWED BY CERTAIN PREPOSITIONa 

 Verbs which signify to compare, to give, to yield, to resist, to 

 concern, to belong, to refuse, to ask, to promise, to owe, etc* 



