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THE POPULAE EDUCATOR. 



The position of the adverb has much to do with the sense. 

 There is a great difference between these two statements : 

 Only the man went out. 

 The man only went out. 



The first states that the man went out, and no one else ; the 

 second states that the man did nothing but go out. 



Agreement of Adverbs. Adverbs, though so called because 

 they are put to verbs, qualify adjectives as well as verbs ; as 



" Any passion that Twbitually discomposes our temper, or unfits us 

 for properly discharging the duties of life, has most certainly gained a 

 very dangerous ascendancy." Blair. 



Adjectives may also be said to qualify participles, but as the 

 participle is only a part of the verb, a separate statement of the 

 fact is hardly necessary. 



There are elliptical forms which seem to make some adverbs 

 independent of any verb. But the independence is only appa- 

 rent. In reality every adverb on examination will be found to 

 qualify an affirmation. 



The words yes and no are exceptions. When I ask a child, 

 " Do you love me ?" and the child answers "Yes," the adverb 

 yes is only an abbreviated form of the sentence I do love you. 



No and not are often misused. No is the answer to a question 

 when no other answer is given ; not is prefixed to the verb 

 employed in giving the answer ; as 

 Are you ill ? No. 

 Are you ill ? I am not ill. 



Hence in all sentences not should be used ; consequently 

 " whether or no " is wrong ; it should be whether or not. 



When not is prefixed to the verb, and so affects or negatives 

 the whole affirmation, if a negative is required with a succeeding 

 member, or should be used ; but if the not (or neither) negatives 

 only one word or one phrase, then with the succeeding or 

 corresponding word or phrase employ nor ; as 



For two months I could not think or speak. 

 He allowed me not to speak nor to write. 

 He gave me neither money nor clothes. 



Observe that neither is properly used of two only, meaning 

 not either, that is, not one of two. Hence it takes in the second 

 clause nor. 



PARTICIPLE. 



Of the predicate in the sentence, 



The man drinks a beverage made of wine and water, 



the word made, the word of, and the word and remain to be 

 studied. 



These words might have stood in the subject. Their position 

 in either the subject or the predicate is of no importance. The 

 only thing of importance is to show that a simple sentence may 

 embrace all the parts of speech ; for thus .you learn-that, when 

 you have mastered the syntax of a simple sentence, you have 

 mastered the essential doctrines of English grammar. 



The past participle made offers an instance of agreement and 

 government united in one word ; for made agrees with beverage, 

 and together with beverage is governed by drinks. In general 

 it may be stated that participles admit of concord and de- 

 pendence. 



Participles perform other offices besides that which is strictly 

 their own. 



The present participle is used as a noun sometimes without, 

 sometimes with a pronoun, also sometimes with and sometimes 

 without an object ; as 



" Describing a past event as present has a fine effect in language. 

 Kames. 



The present participle may have the force of an infinitive ; 

 as 



"Avoid being ostentatious and affected." Blair. 



The present participle has the force of an infinitive also when 

 combined with the past participle ; as 



" Habits are soon assumed ; but when we strive 

 To strip them off, 'tis being flayed alive." Cowper. 



A present participle may at the same time have the force and 

 construction of a participle and a noun : 



" Mr. Dryden makes a very handsome observation on Ovid's writing 

 a loiter from Dido to .SSneas." Spectator. 



The construction in this last example deserves study : the 



preposition on governs writing as a norm ; writing as a nouu 

 overns Ovid's, and writing as a participle governs letter. 



The present participle used as a noun may have a preposition 

 or an adverb in combination with it ; as 



" Their hope shall be as the giving up of the ghost." (Job xi. 20.) 



Participles in general have the government of the verbs from 

 which they come ; consequently the question whether or not a 

 preposition should be appended to a participle depends on the 

 usage of the verb ; often of is inserted where it is not needed, 

 especially by the untaught in conversation ; as 



" Incorrect. " They left beating of Paul." (Acts xxi. 32.) 



Some verbs take a present participle after them instead of an 

 infinitive ; as 



Verbs of Desisting. " They have done speaking." Harris. 



Verbs of Omitting. " He omits giving an account of them." Toofee. 



Verbs of Preventing. " Our sex are prevented from engaging in these 

 turbulent scenes." West. 



Verbs of Avoiding. " He might have avoided treating of the origin of 

 ideas." Toofce. 



After verbs expressive of the operations of the senses the 

 participle or the infinitive may be used, but with a slight differ- 

 ence in the meaning ; the participle describing the act as at the 

 moment actually proceeding ; as 



I saw the bird fly. \ I saw the bird flying. 



TERMS USED IN COMMERCE. IX. 



RECEIPT. An acknowledgment in writing of having received 

 a certain sum of money from a person named. 



BE-EXCHANOE. A charge upon the drawer of a dishonoured 

 foreign bill of exchange upon a re-drawing by the holder. 

 Whatever expense or damage is incurred in consequence of the 

 dishonour of the bill is included under this head. The whole is, 

 however, frequently consolidated by custom into fixed per-centage 

 rates for particular places. 



REFERENCE. The direction given by a person requiring 

 credit, to the trader of whom he requires it, to a third party, 

 who may be questioned relative to his commercial standing. 



REGISTRATION. Registering ships at the Custom House BO 

 as to entitle them to the enjoyment of the privileges attending 

 Britiah-built vessels. A certificate of registry is granted, which 

 states the build, tonnage, and names of the owners and master, 

 and forms a proof of the nation to which a vessel belongs. 



RE-INSURANCE. A sub-insurance effected with others by 

 insurers who have incurred too great a liability, or who have 

 become dissatisfied with the nature of the risk they have con- 

 tracted to take upon themselves. 



RELEASE FOR FREIGHT. A formal release given by the 

 owners of vessels or their agents on receipt of an amount of 

 freight, when notice has been previously given by them to the 

 dock companies or wharfingers to stop delivery of the goods 

 pending its payment. 



REMITTANCE. A sum of money or bills of exchange sent 

 from one person to another. 



RESERVE. A fund set aside for the purpose of meeting any 

 extraordinary contingencies or losses likely to arise in the course 

 of business. 



RESIDUE. That which is left of an estate after all claims 

 upon it have been satisfied. 



REST. In banking, the accumulated amount of profit appli- 

 cable for the purpor.es of dividend. 



RETURNS. A term applied to any merchandise or bills of 

 exchange purchased as a means of returning the proceeds of 

 consignments received ; also the amount of a trader's sales. 



REVENUE. Income derived from a collective source ; usually 

 applied to the annual receipts of a country from taxes, Cus- 

 toms' duties, and other sources. 



REVERSION REVERSIONARY INTEREST. A right to the 

 possession of money or property at a certain future period, or 

 after the death of another. 



SALARY. A stipulated a.nnual or periodical payment for 

 services. 



SALVAGE is compensation allowed to persons who are instru- 

 mental in saving goods or ships from the dangers of the sea, 

 or from fire. The term is also applied to the goods saved. 



