LESSONS IN GERMAN. 



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:y mentioned 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. LXXI. 



5 109.-PREPOSITIONS CONSTRUED WITH THE GENITIVE. 



\<r give again the propoaitiona governing the several 

 oases respectively, with their proper dofinitiona ; subjoining, 

 also, some few observations on such of them aa seem to require 

 further explanation. And, first, wo mention those construed 

 with the genitive. 



.lutf.m. or ftatt, instead. 

 ?lii|iabalb, without, outside. 

 Dtclftit, or titlfcitl, on this side. 

 Jjalbfii, or h.iU'tr. on account of. 

 3nntrbaUv within, inside. 

 Stnfcit, or icnfttt*, on that side, 



beyond. 



5traft, by virtue of. 

 8ang6, (also gov. Dat.) along. 

 8aut, according to. 

 Obtrfyalb, above. 

 Jrofc, (also gov. Dat.) in spite of. 



Urn roifltn, for tho sake of. 



Ungcad;ttt, notwithstanding. 



llattrb,alb, below, on the lower 

 side. 



llnfcru, near, not far from. 



Unrctif, near, not far from. 



tUfrmitttlfl, or mitttlft, by means 



QJtrmDgt, by dint of. [of. 



SBilfjrtnt, during. 



SBtgtn, on account of. 



3ufolge, (also gov. Dat.) in con- 

 sequence of. 



110. OBSERVATIONS. 



(1.) ftnftatt is compounded of an (in) and Statt (place), and 

 these components may sometimes be separated ; thus, an trt 

 SSrubtrt Statt, in the brother's stead. In this case, the part 

 @ t a 1 1 takes its proper character, which is that of a noun. 



(2.) -fcalbt n, like rotgtn and um willcn, expresses motive. Strictly 

 speaking, however, tyalbtn seems to point to a motive that is 

 direct, immediate, and special ; rotgtn indicates an object less 

 definite and more distant; while um i((tn looks to the will, 

 wish, or welfare of that which is expressed by the genitive. 

 These distinctions, however, are not always regarded, even by 

 writers of reputation. 



(3.) $atbtn or tyalbtr is always placed after the noun which it 

 governs ; thus, ttt tltt8 b.alben, for the sake of money ; i<ctgnii. 

 gtn b.albcr, for the sake of pleasure. albtn is often united with 

 the genitive of the personal pronouns ; in which case the final 

 letter (r) is omitted, and its place supplied by t : thus, mtintt. 

 Ijalbcn (instead of mtintr^albcn), for my sake ; fctinttfjalbtn, for thy 

 sake ; fttntt&. albtn, for his sake, etc. So, too, it occurs in the 

 compounds tcpbalb, on account of that ; njcpfialb, on account of 

 which ; wherein, as in aujjtrfjalb, tnnttb.alb, obetfyalb, untttljalb, the 

 form I) alb en is shortened into &; alb. In the last four, $ alb has 

 the sense of part or side ; as, aupttljalb, outsitZe, etc. 



(4.) SGtgtn may either come before or after its noun ; as, wtgtn 

 ttt gtoptn tfab,r, on account of the great danger ; ftintt tfuntl?tit 

 totgtn, on account of his health. 



(5.) Um willtn is always separated by the genitive which it 

 governs ; thus, um ottt8 n>i(Jtn, for God's sake. 



(6.) Ungtacbttt may either jwecede or succeed its noun ; as, 

 ungtad;tct alter ^tuttrnifff, notwithstanding all hindrances ; ftintl 

 BlriM ungtacbtet, notwithstanding his industry. 



(7.) Strnu'gt, by dint or means of, indicates physical ability ; 

 as, vtrmijgt tc g(tific8, by means of industry. It thus differs from 

 fraft, which points rather to the exercise of moral power ; as, 

 hraft metric? 2lmtt8, by virtue of my office. 



(8.) 3ufclgt, when it comes after the word which it governs, 

 takes the latter in the dative ; as, fctm iBrfctylt jufolgt, in conse- 

 quence of (or pursuant to) the order. 



(9.) 8Ang< and tro may also govern the dative. 



5 HI. PREPOSITIONS CONSTRUED WITH THE DATIVE. 

 9lu, out, out of. 

 $uptt, without, outside of. 

 58ci, by, near, with. 

 SBinntn, within. 



(Sntgtgtn, towards, opposite to. 

 tgtnubcr, over against. 

 tmap, conformably with. 

 SJJit, with. 

 92 act, after, to, according to. 



next, next to. 

 Sfttbft, together with. 

 Ob, over, at. 

 arnmr, together with. 

 cvtt since. 

 iBon, from, of. 

 3u, to, at. 

 3uiW, against, contrary. 



f 112.-OBSEBVATION8. 



(1.) ttul indicates the place, the tource, or the material 

 whence anything u produced; as, aul ton $auft, oat of UM 

 boose ; aul l-itbt. out of love ; aul 9tu^ti bai (Mctt ttt 9Btlt granule 

 out of nothing has God made the world. 



i -j . , :i u H t r differs from aul, in that it denotes tUuation rather 

 than transition ; thus, aul tern $auft marks motion from or out 

 of the house, while aujitr ttm -fcauft signifies position in respect 

 to the house, that is, outside of the boose, abroad ; benoe 

 comes also the signification betidet, exclurive of; as, Rinnan* 

 auptt mir mat jugtgtn, no one besides, or except me, was present. 



(3.) '.Of i ahowa the relation of proximity or identity in respect 

 to persons, places, times, etc. ; an, rr wobnt btt fnnrm t'rutrr, he 

 resides u-ith his brother ; bfi itm ^auft, by or near the bouse ; bo 

 tcr jsdji-pfung, at the creation ; bti mcinrr flnfunft, at or upon my 

 arrival ; bti ttm 'Jilatc, in Plato, that ia, in the works of Plato. 

 !8tt is also used in making oath or protest; as, bti ftott ; bti 

 mttncr ff^rc ; by God ; by or upon my honour : a use easily de- 

 rived from the primary signification of the word. It should be 

 added that the German bti (unlike the English by) is not pro- 

 perly employed to denote the cause, means, or instrument of an 

 action ; this is done by the words tur$, von, or mit . t<$ falju nut 

 fctr (Stftnbafcn 



(4.) !8inncn is used in denoting a limitation of time; as, 

 binntn acbt Xagtn, within eight days. 



(5.) Gntgtgtn always comes after its noun, and denotes the 

 relation of parties moving towards one another so as to meet : 

 hence it gets tho signification opposite tv, o-. , against ; thus, 

 ttr J?nabe lAuft ftinem >-l>attr tntgtgtn, the boy runs towards, that ia ; 

 to meet his father ; ttm SBintt entgtgtn. against the wind. 



(6.) tgenuber marks an opposite position of things, and, 

 like tntgegtn, comes after its noun : as, ttm -auft gegtnubtr, oppo- 

 site to, or fronting the house. 



(7.) 9)J i t signifies sometimes the relation of union ; some- 

 times that of instrumentality ; as, tr acbtittt mit fttnt m '-Gattr, he 

 works with his father ; mit tintm QJZtfftr f^neittn, to cut with a 

 knife ; sometimes, also, it indicates the manner of an action ; 

 as, mit ealt, mit Sift 



(8.) 92ac$, in all its uses, has its nearest equivalent in the 

 English word after ; as, $tn >Ditrtutcn nad) cicr, ten minutes after 

 four ; nad; tnglifcijet SKute, after the English fashion ; ttr Staff na<$, 

 after (that is, following after) your nose ; ttm tromt nad;, after 

 (that is, in the direction of) the stream ; ttc iBtfdjrtibung nod;, 

 after (that is, according to) the description ; toir gtbtn nod; ttt 

 tatt, we are going after (that is, in the direction of, towards, 

 or to) the city ; ta$ Sdbiff til nad; ttmtrifa btfiimmt, the ship is 

 bound after (that is, for) America, etc. 



(9.) When direction towards a person, instead of a place, is 

 indicated, ju is employed; as, id; react )U mtintm &attr gtb^tn, I 

 shall go to my father. Sometimes nad; is used in connection 

 with ju ; as, tt lief nad; tcr 2tatt nt, he ran (literally, after to) 

 towards the city. When it denotes direction with, aa in the 

 phrase ttm trome nad;, following or going with the stream, it is 

 put after the noun which it governs : so, also, when it has the 

 kindred sense, according to ; as, mtintr flRtinung nad;, according 

 to my opinion. If, however, in the latter case, a genitive de- 

 pends on the noun under the government of the preposition, 

 narf; precedes; as, nad; ttt J8tfd;rtibung cbiUtr'i, according to 

 Schiller's description. 



(10.) 9ft 6 ft and fammt have the same general signification, 

 together with; but, strictly speaking, differ in this, that I'ammt 

 not only indicates conjoint, but also simultaneous action; thus, 

 ftaron fammt ftintn Sofcntn folltn tfart J|>antt auf ftin Jjaurt (tgtn, Aaron 

 together with (i.e., simultaneously with) his sons shall lay their 

 hands upon his head. 



'11.) Ob is seldom used except in poetry. 



(12.) 95 on marks the source or origin of a thing, and has the 

 same latitude of signification as its English equivalent from ; 

 thus, ttt SQtnb rotfctt von Ciltn, the wind blows from the East ; 

 bag rtidit ifl von i^m. that poem is from (by) him. Wrth an or 

 auf following, it indicates the extent of a period of time : von 

 ttt ttfttn JJintbttt an, from earliest childhood on ; von ftintt Jugtnb 

 auf, from his youth up. 



(13.) 3u primarily is a mere sign of transition ; but is made 

 to denote a variety of cognate relations, from a state of motion 

 to a state of rest. Examples best illustrate its use ; thus, id; 

 ftifl ju mtintm Cattt gtfctn, I will go to my father ; hnr rni'tn $u 

 ffiafft r unt ju Santt. we travel by land and by water ; ju QJfcttt on 



