254 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



horseback ; 511 gufie, on foot ; ju J&aufe, at home ; u jcncr 3ett, at 

 that time; er tyat mid; sum (for u bem) -Warren gemacbt, he has made 

 me (to become) a fool ; er ttyut d mtr 311 Stebe, he does it to (show) 

 love for me. It is sometimes used as an adverb ; as, gel) ju, go 

 on ; ju met, too much ; ntacfje bte Styvir ju, shut the door to. (See 

 Sect. LXXIII. 1.) 



(14.) 3unnber, against, contrary to, comes after the word 

 which it governs. 



113. PREPOSITIONS CONSTRUED WITH THE ACCU- 

 SATIVE. 



onbcr, without, 

 llm, about, around. 

 SBttcr, against. 



through. 

 Stir, for. 



@egcn or gen, towards. 

 Dtyne, without. 



114. OBSERVATIONS. 



(1.) >urd; has its exact equivalent in the English word 

 through ; as, turd) tie tabt gefyeu, to go through the city ; burd; 

 Styrcn Seijtanb, through your aid ; baS ganje Satyr burd; (where, as 

 often in English, the preposition comes after the noun), the 

 whole year through. 



(2.) egcn (contracted, gen) indicates motion towards; and 

 hence has the signification opposite to ; but whether it marks 

 direction towards in a manner friendly or otherwise, must be 

 determined by the context. In this respect, it differs from 

 nribcr, against, which denotes an opposition, doing, or designing 

 evil. 



(3.) )T;ne and fonber are of the same import; but the latter 

 is seldom used, and then only when the substantive has no 

 article before it. 



(4.) II m, like the English word about, indicates the going or 

 being of one thing around another ; and hence denotes also 

 nearness, change of position, succession, etc. ; thus, um bcu Sifcf; 

 ftfcen, to sit round the table ; njtrf bctnen Qftantcl um bid;, throw thy 

 cloak about thee ; unt jnxi Ilfyr, about (literally, close about, i.e., 

 exactly) two o'clock ; eincn Xog um ben aubern, one day about 

 another, that is, every other day ; c8 ijt utn ityn gefrfjcfycn, it is done 

 about him, that is, it is over with him ; um c(b fptclen, to play 

 about (for) money ; um jetyn Satyre iiinger, younger about (by) ten 

 years, etc. Before an infinitive preceded by ju (that is, before 

 the supine, as it is sometimes called), um denotes purpose ; as, 

 um Stynen ju jetgen, in, order to show you ; um ju fcfyrcibcn, in order 

 to write, or for the purpose of writing. 



115. PREPOSITIONS CONSTRUED WITH THE DATIVE 

 OR ACCUSATIVE. 



2ln, on, at, near. 

 3luf on, upon, 

 tinier, behind. 

 3n, in, or into. 

 Keben, beside. 



Iteber, over, above, 

 llntcr, under, among. 

 93or, before. 

 3nnfd;en, betwixt, between. 



116.-OBSERVATIONS. 



These prepositions govern either the accusative or the dative, 

 but not without a difference of signification ; for when motion 

 towards, that is, motion from one point to another, is indicated, 

 the accusative is required ; when, however, motion or rest in 

 any given place or condition is signified, the dative is used ; 

 thus, ber j?ttabe iSuft in ben arten, the boy runs into (motion 

 towards) the garden ; ber .Ritabe tfiitft in bcm arten, the boy runs 

 in (motion within) the garden. This is the general principle, 

 which will be found, with more or less distinctness, everywhere 

 to prevail in the use of the prepositions of this class. We sub- 

 join a list of examples : 



Dat. 2ln einem Orte vooljnen, to dwell in or at a place. 



Ace. 2ht cincn greunb fd;rctben, to write to a friend. 



Dat. @d;u>ad; an SSerftanbe, weak in understanding. 



Ace. 23iS an ben 2lbenb, even to or until evening. 



Dat. 21m Qftorgen unb am Slbenb, in the morning and in the 



evening. 



Dat. 2luf bem Sanbe tooljnen, to live in the country. 

 Ace. Sluf bag Sanb reifen, to travel into the country. 

 Ace. @o iet auf ben 3ftann, so much for a, or per man. 

 Ace. 2luf beutfcfye 2lrt, in (i.e., following after) the German way. 

 Dat. r fletyt tytnter mtr, he stands behind me. 

 Ace. (5r trat Ijtnter tntd;, he stepped behind me. 

 Dat. 3d; n>o$ne in ber tabt,. I live in the city. 



Ace. 3d; gctye in bte tabt, I am going into the city. 



Dat. Sr ftaub neben mtr,. he stood near to me. 



Ace. Sr ftettte fid; neben mid;, he placed himself near me. 



Dat. Ueber ber 2lrbeit, over (i.e., while at) the work. 



Ace. Itcbcr metne .Krafte, beyond my strength. 



Dat. 3d; ftanb unter etnem JBaume, I stood under a tree. 



Ace. Der -unb friecbt unter ben .Itfcb, the dog creeps under the 



table. 

 Dat. o n)it( id; mid; nidjt sor btr serbergen, then will I not hide 



myself from thee. 



Ace. 3d; getye oor bie Styur, I go before the door. 

 Dat. 3d; fap jnnfdjen jtuct greuitben, I sat between two friends. 

 Ace. 3d; fteflte mid; jicifdjen beibc, I placed myself between the 



two. 



117. THE CONJUNCTIONS. 



(1.) Conjunctions are words used in o ^meeting sentences. 

 As, however, there are various kinds of. connections existing 

 among sentences, it has been customary 1 > classify the conjunc- 

 tions according to the nature of the connection which they are 

 employed to indicate. Hence we have (among other classes) 

 the following : 



Copulatives : as, unb, and ; aucfj, also. 



Disjunctives : as, cntnjeber, either ; obcr, or. 



Adversatives : as, aber, but, however ; atfctn, but ; bod;, yet. 



Negatives : as, njcbcr, neither ; nod;, nor. 



Comparatives : as, n.nc, as ; fo, so, thus ; ail, than ; gteidjluie, 

 just as. 



Conditionals : as, wcnn, if ; fofla, in case that ; Wofern, provided 

 that. 



Causals : as, bcnn, for ; toctt, since, because. 



Conclusives : as, barum, therefore ; batycr, hence ; bcptyatb, there- 

 fore. 



Concessives : as, obtootyt, obfd;on, obgteid;, ttjciut, although. 



Finals : as, bap, that ; auf bap and bamit, in order that j 



um ju, in order to. 



(2.) We give below a list of the conjunctions that most com- 

 monly occur in German : premising only that some of the words 

 here set down as conjunctions are also employed as adverbs ; 

 for it will of course be kept in mind, that the office performed by 

 a word determines its name and character. For numerous ex- 

 amples illustrating their uses, see Sect. XCIX. 



21bcr, but. 



mictn, but. 



2113, as, than, when. 



21(fo, so then, consequently. 



2lud;, also, ever. 



2luf bap, in order that. 



S3i3, until. 



Da, since. 



5)atyer, therefore, hence. 



3)afcrn, in case that, if. 



SDap, that, in order that. 



2)amtt, in order that. 



JDarum, therefore, on that ac- 

 count. 



Scnn, for, because, than. 



3)ennod;, still, nevertheless. 



cptyatb, therefore, on that ac- 

 count. 



Ssefto, the. (Sect. XXX. 6.) 



Sod;, yet, however, still. 



(Stye, before that, ere. 



Sntoeber, either. 



gatls?, in case that. 



gotgiid;, consequently. 



3e, befto, the the. (Sect. 

 XXX. 6.) 



Sebocty, yet, nevertheless. 



Snbem, while, because, since. 



, consequently. 

 Sfoctybein, after that. 

 S'iod;, nor, nor yet. 

 Sinn, therefore, then. 

 9lw, btat, only. 

 Ob, whether, if. 

 Dbglctd;, though, although. 

 >bfd;on, though, although. 

 Dbmofyl, though, although. 

 Dber, or. 



Otyne, without, except. 

 >tyngead;tet, notwithstanding. 

 o, thus, therefore, if. 

 onbern, but. 

 Hub, and. 



Ungead;tct, notwithstanding. 

 SBatyrenb, whilst. 

 SBatyrcub bcm, whilst. 

 SCBatyreitb baji, whilst, than. 

 SBetcr, neither. 

 SBcnn, if, as. 

 2fict(, because. 

 SScnngtctdj, although. 

 3Bcnnfd;on, although. 

 SBtc, as, when. 

 2Bien)otyt, though. 

 SOBo, if. 

 SBcfcrn, if, in case that. 



118. INTERJECTIONS. 



(1.) Interjections, as the name implies, are commonly thrown 

 into a sentence, without, however, changing either its structure 

 or its signification. They are merely the signs of strong or 

 sudden emotion ; and may be classified according to the nature 

 of the emotion which they indicate : some expressing joy, some 



