THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



Io attendo ai fatti miei, I mind my \ Egli ha scritto al suo amico, he 



own business. 



Egli va satollando la fame a spese 

 mie, lie satiates his hunger at my 

 expense. [spoiled your affairs. 



Hai guastato i fatti tuoi, you have 



has written to his friend. 

 Letta la vostra lettera, entro 

 nelle sue camere, after having 

 read your letter, he entered into 

 his apartment. 



Rule 40. The por.sessive pronouns preceded by ogni, qualche, 

 alcuno, molto, questo, quello, quegli, uno, due, tre, have no 

 article ; as 



Ella con questo suo figliuolo sen" 

 andava in contado, she went 

 away into the country with her 

 son. 



Lascio erede un suo figliuolo, he 

 left an only son all his fortune. 



Ogni mio ufflcio verso te e fornito, 



oil my kind offices tov:ards thee 



art at an end. 

 Per consiglio di qualnbe suo 



amico, by the advice of some of 



his friends. 



The possessive pronouns preceded by prepositions take no 

 article in the following expressions : 



Per mio consiglio, by my advice. 



Per amor mio, for my sake. 



Per mia, sua, difesa, for my, his 



defence. 



Per nostro bene, for our good. 

 Per parte mia, or da parte mia, 



for my part, or on my part. 



In mia, tua, sua, vita, in my, thy, 



his life. 

 In mio, tuo, poter, in my, thy 



power. 



In favor mio, in my favour. 

 In presenza mia, in my presence. 

 In casa mia., in my house. 



Rule 41. No article generally precedes the possessive pro- 

 nouns when the latter are prefixed to substantives which ex- 

 press (1st.) kindred or relation, such as padre, madre, figlio, 

 sorella, marito, etc. ; (2nd.) the rank and quality, such as altezza, 

 eccellenza, maesta, etc. ; as 



Egli adunque inteso il nobile atto 

 di Filippo usato a salute di suo 

 marito, he then having heard of 

 the noble action of Philip in 

 favour of her husband. 

 Venne sua Maesta accompagnata 



Chi e vostro padre ? who is your 



father ? 

 Mia madre, un fratello minore, ed 



io, siamo restati nell' estrema 



miseria, my motlier, a younger 



jTother, and myself, have been left 



in great distress. 

 Sua Eccellenza le bacio la mano, 



his Excellency kissed her hand. 



Rule 42. When the possessive pronouns follow the above 

 substantives, padre, madre, etc., or precede the same in the 

 plural, then the article is used : 



dal Duca d' Orleano, his Majesty 

 was accompanied by the Duke of 

 Orleans. 



Ho reduto la sorella vostra, I have 



seen your sister. 

 La madre mia e partita, my mother 



has set out. 

 yii ricordo aver udito dire il padre 



mio, I recollect having lieard my 



father say. 



Finche io possa farlo in persona, 

 soffra la maestra vostra, as long 

 as I can do it myself, allow me, 

 sire. 



Prima die io ringrazio le loro 

 signorie, before I thank your 

 lordships. 



Rule 43. Speaking of any part of the body, whole, sick, or 

 wounded, instead of the possessive pronouns as in English, the 

 Italians use il, Io, la : 



Mi fate male al dito, you hurt my ' IJavatevi le mani, wash your hands, 

 finger. [cut off his head. Egli ha perduto Io spirito, he has 



Oli hanno tagliato la testa, they I lost Jus senses. 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 



Rule 44. The demonstrative pronouns questo, quello, and 

 cotesto, used to show the proximity or distance of persons or 

 things, must agree with their substantives in gender and num- 

 ber ; as 



Preferisco questa camera a quella, 

 J prefer this room to that one. 



Quello donne sono graziose, thoss 

 ladies are graceful. 



capitate quest* oggi, he has ar- 

 rived this very day. 



Quando arrivera quel giorno sos- 

 pirato ? when will that much- 

 desired day come? 

 Rule 45. The demonstrative pronouns he who, she who, they 



who, are expressed by colui che or chi, colei che, quelli che, quelle 



che, and that which or what by do che : 



Ooloro che sembrano felici non 

 sono sempre tali, they who seem 

 to be happy are not always so. 



Gib che piu mi piace e la cam 

 pagna, that which pleases me most 

 is the country. 



Colui che or chi tradisce 1' amico 



suo e indegno d' amicizia, he 



who betrays his friend is unworthy 



of friendship. 

 Colei che or chi voi amate e un' 



amabile damina, she whom you 



love is a charming young lady. 



RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

 Rule 46. The relative pronoun who, that, or which, is ex- 

 pressed in Italian by che, when it is the subject or regimen 

 direct of a verb, or by di cui, a cui, da cui, when used in the 

 genitive, dative, or ablative cases : 



Dio, di cui ammirasi 1* opere, God, 



whose works we admire. 

 La cosa a cui meno pensa 1' avaro, 

 e di sovvenire i iniseri, the thing 

 of which the miser thinlcs the least, 

 is to help the poor. 



[/ uomo che vi parlo ieri, e il 



padrone di questa casa, the man 



who spoke to you yesterday is the 



master of this house. 

 [1 pane che mangiate, the bread 



that you eat. 

 Ecco la persona che amate, there 



is the person you love. 



Rule 47. The relative pronoun quale, used for persons or 

 things, is declined with the article il or la, and agrees with its 

 antecedent in gender and number : 



Ecco e 1' uomo al quale sono piu Ho veduto questa mane il ritratto 

 obbligato, he is the man I am the di quella dama, il quale vi piace 

 most indebted to. tanto, I saw this morning the por- 



Le scienze aHe quali io mi applico, trait of that lady, which pleases 

 the sciences to which I apply my- you so much, 

 self. 



INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 

 Rule 48. Chi ? meaning icho ? is used in speaking of persona 



of both genders and numbers : 



Di chi parlate ? of whom do you 



speak ? 

 Chi son costoro ? who are those ? 



Chi c la ? who is there ? 



Chi siete voi ? tcTio are you ? 



Chi e vostro fratello ? who is your 



brother ? 



Rule 49. Che ? signifying what ? is used in speaking of 

 things : 



Che ora e ? what time is it t 

 Che volete ? what do you want ? 

 Che eta avete ? what is your age 1 Che intendete di fare ? what do you 



Rule 50. Quale ? signifying what ? is always joined to a 

 substantive, and used in speaking of men or things of both 

 genders > 

 Qual bisogno avete ? what need 



have you 1 

 Di qual principe leggete voi 1' is- 



toria ? of ichat prince do you read 



Che nuove abbiamo ? what is the 

 news ? [mean to do ? 



Quali affari avete ? what business 



have you? 

 A qual casa appartiene ? which 



house does it belong to ? 



the history ? 



INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 



Rule 51. Alcuno, some, any one, some people, is sometimes 

 used alone, and sometimes with a substantive ; in the latter 

 case it must agree with it in gender and number : 



Egli e dimorato in Parigi alcun 



tempo, he has remained some time 



in Paris. 

 Vi sono andato con alcuni amici, 



I haee been there with some 



friends. 



Io veggo alcuno che ci sta ascol- 

 tando, I see some on who is 

 listening to us. 



Alcuni sono li quali, piu che Y 

 altre genti si credono sapere, e 

 sauno meno, there are some people 

 who think they know more than 

 other folks, when they know Uss. 



Rule 52. Alquanto, meaning someivhat, several, some, 

 is sometimes used alone, and sometimes with a substantive. 

 When it is joined to a substantive, it agrees with it in gender 

 and number : 



Alquanti, che risentiti, erano all' 

 arme corsi, n' uccisero, they 

 murdered several, who, being 

 awakened, had taken up arms. 

 Dopo alquanto spazio ella a me 



Ella uscita dalla camera, e stata 

 alquanto tempo, tornb deutro 

 piangendo, she went out of the 

 room, and, after some time, she 

 came in with tears in her eyes. 



Alquante lagrime mandate per gli 

 oochj fuori, comincib ad atten- 

 dere quello che la gentildonna 

 gli rispondesse, having shed a 

 few tears, he waited for the lady's 

 answer. 



ritornb, after a little time she 

 came back to me. 



La Lauretta con maniera alquanto 

 pietosa comincio cosi, Lauretta 

 thus began, in a manner rather 

 pathetic. 



Rule 53. Altro, signifying differently, something else, another, 

 etc., may be used alone, or with a substantive ; in the latter 

 case it agrees with the substantive in gender and number: 



Altro avresti detto, se tu m' avessi 



veduto a Roma, you would have 



spoken differently, had you seen me 



at Rome. 

 Sembiante facendo di rider d' altro, 



feigning to laugh at something else. 

 Altri tempi, altri costumi, other 



times, othir manners. 



Rule 54. Ciascheduno and ciascuno, meaning every one, each, 

 efcc., are used either alone or with substantives. When they 

 are prefixed to substantives, they agree with them in gender, 

 and seldom admit of a plural : 



Un altro non vi avrebbe perdonato 

 cosi facilmente, come v" ho per- 

 donato io, another would not haue 

 pardoned you as easily as I have 

 done. 



Datemi un altro bicchiere di quel 

 buou vino, give me another glass 

 of that good wine. 



