LESSONS IN ITALIAN. 



m 



CiMchedun la Tolevo, ecery otu 



uouM duoe her. 



. i comaudo obo ciascuno 

 ' auiltuHu a riposare, the quten 

 ordertd that every on* should go to 

 rat. 



CiMCim paeM ha Ie ue uunso, 



each 



Giant-Mil. h i 1 ""' |'i i'i- 



, hu i(J jniii- 



CiaMcuun ha i iuol difotti, every 

 one hut hi* fault*. 



Hutu 55. Nettuno or nistuno, ntuno or nullo, meaning: no- 

 otc., uro employed alono or with 

 li ih. -y a:, united to a noun, they must agree with it 

 in gender : 



Non ho reduto nessuuo, I have not 



seen any one. 

 NesBuno parlo meco, no one spoke 



with me. 

 Nissun uomo u infullibile, no man 



Che Tuoi tu ch io k> diet da tu* 



jiarte t what do you uish mt to 



tell htm from you t 

 Coasuuto cli' egli ami queU 



douuu, / jxrmtt hnn to luce thit 



MOM -... 



Rupplioo eh' egli mi I*f* qnrto 

 I entreat MM to ro4 m thu. 



Vuoi tu cb U die* U vero? d 

 VOM truk HU to UU you Ut4 tnuk I 



Io TOflio ch* efli U Ucdm, I UA 



MM 4o tt. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 



66. Italian infinitives are used M substantives or 

 -i of a verb, and as second person singular of an impera* 



tivo 



Nisauno vi vuol quel bene, oho io 

 lio, nobody love* you as 

 muck (is / do. 



Niiinii gloria ' ml un' aquila aver 

 . una colomb.i, it ix no glory 

 for an t<i'jU to or.vrome a clou*. 



is infallible. 



56. Ojjiit, signifying every, all, is indeclinable. It IB 

 put before nouns in the singular, and seldom in the plural : 



mo 6 Boggetto alia critica, Ogni re, ogni reina, every king, 

 every man is liable to censure. every queen. 



Ogui cosa o in Dio, e Dio i in ogni j Ogni di, ogni anno, ogni sei mesl, 

 cosa, alt is in God, and God is in > every day, every year, every si* 

 all. | months. 



57. Tutto, signifying every thing, all, joined to a noun, 



is liable to gender and number: 



Gli uomiui tutti piii a dire che ad La gente che aveva bontade ve- 

 oprare sou prouti, all men are niva a lui da tutte parti, good 

 more ready to say than to do. people came to him from all 



Andate con tutta fretta, go with all ! parts. 



VERBS. 



Rule 58. Every verb must agree with its subject, either 

 expressed or understood, in number and person ; as 

 Voi parlate troppo forte, you | Io scrivo, I write. 



Farli da sciocco, thou spedkest lilee 

 a fool. 



speak too loud. 

 I sarti dicono spesso bugie, (ailor* 



often lie. < 



Rule 59. Two nouns or subjects in the singular, united by e, 

 and, require the verb in the plural : 

 L' Austria e la Prussia credevano ] II padre, e la madro sono molto 



di terminare da se la bisogna, ! compossionevoli, the father and 



Austria and Prussia thought to \ mother are very compassionate. 



terminate the affair themselves. ' 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



Rule 60. The Italians make use of the present to express 

 that a thing is, or is doing, at the time in which we speak : 



I fanciulli cautano quand' hanno 

 paura, children sing when they are 

 in fear. 



Io scrivo una lettera, J am tcritiny 

 a Utter. 



Compariace 1* aurora, the daicn ap- 

 pears. 



Rule 61. The imperfect is used in Italian to express a past 

 action as present, or going on when another occurred, which is 

 also past : 



Io lepgeva quando TO! siete en- 

 trato, I was reading tc?um you 

 came in. 



Io udiva quando inia sorella can- 

 tava, f was lislenijii; /ien my 

 sister was sinjinj. 



Rule 62. Wo use the preterite in Italian to express a par 

 ticular fact or event which happened at a time specified, and 

 wholly past ; as during a particular century, year, month, 

 week, or day : 



Esse partirono la settimana pas 

 sata, the-j dejxzi'ted lost \ceek. 





Ho veduto vostro padre il meso 

 passato, I sate your father last 

 month. 



Rule 63. The future is used to denote that an action or 

 event will take place at some future time : 

 Noi Io faremo doiuaui, we shall do I Egli ritornera al suo paese, he 



it to-morrow. will return to his country. 



Rule 64. The conditional present denotes that an action or 

 event would take place, if certain conditions are fulfilled : 



Tacerebbero, se potessero, they 

 would be silent, if they could. 



Se io avessi dauari, comprerci un 

 buon cavallo, >/ I had money, I 

 u-ouhl buy a good horse. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 



Rule 65. Verbs expressing command, desira, doubt, fear, 

 ignorance, order, passion, surprise, uncertainty, etc., require 

 the following verb in the subjunctive : 



