LESSONS IN SPANISH. 



Kittoy por ir a rerle, I ai ftr 



guii\<j (or have a mui4 lo yo) ( see 

 It i m. 



Estor por, to be for, ia used boforo an infinitive to show that 



the a<-t ! in thin intinitivo in not yt-t jM-rfi.rined, but 



Unit tlii TI- in a disposition to accomplish it; that ia, in tho 

 Bcntfo of to be not yet, or to have a mind t ; 



la cosa esta por n en bar, tht 

 house u (o /iniih, i.e., the house is 

 not yttji niiihed. 



Qnedar por, <o remain for, in used before an infinitive in the 

 ; miner aa ettarpor, in the aense of to remain yet ; a> 



La carta queda por escribir, The letter remains j/et to writ* 



(remain* to l written). 



Haboi- de, <o /tare of, is uaod before an infinitive in tho Bemae 

 of to be to, or must ; aa 



m da hacor uso do ellos, I He de trabajar, / am l (I uitut) 

 tht'i are not to (must not) mufce use I vorfc (or I have to work). 

 o/ t/i/m. I 



'IV IHT quo, to have what, ia uaod before an infinitive in the 

 sense of to have to, or must ; as 



Tii-no que levantarso al romper IT* hoe (o rise by brelc ofdy. 



Alegar a, <o arrive at, is used before an infinitive in the aense 

 of to come to, or to succeed in ; aa 



Cuando el bombre llegix & gustar IPhen man comes to taste the de- 

 los encantos do la Tirtud, la pro- lights of virtue, he prefers it to vise. 

 Here nl vicio, 



Vcnir a, to come to, ia used as lleyar d, in the sense of to c*m* 

 to ; OS 



Loa donee vienen a ser perjui- Gifts come to be injurious. 

 chiles, 



Hacer ia used impersonally before nouns referring to ihe 

 weather, and is to be rendered by the verb (o be, and some- 

 times with the adjective ; as 



Hace calor, it is hot. 



Hace buen tiempo, it is /ir 

 weather. 



Tener is used in tho sense of to be before nouns of measure- 

 ment, with tho preposition de in the sense of in ; as 



Goliuth teufa do nltura seia Goliath teas in height six ekbils 

 codes y un palmo, and a span. 



Guslar, when it is to be rendered in English by to like, has 

 for its nominative case in Spanish what is the objective in 

 English, and its objective in Spanish is the nominative in 

 English, preceded by the preposition d, tho sentence generally 

 containing what in English would be regarded as a redundant 

 pronoun ; as 



4 Le pustan a vmd. patatos P do Ella me gusta a mi, I like her. 

 you like potatoes J 



Faltar, when it is to be rendered in English by to want, or 

 to have need of, requires the same idiomatic construction of the 

 sentence as gust ar ; as 



A Pedro no le falta dinero, Peter I Le faltnu tres vasos, ht want* (or 

 trants (or needs) not money. ] needs) three tumblers. 



Hacer falta, to make need, is used in the same manner aa 

 gvstar and faltar, in the sense of to have need of, to stand in 

 need of; as 



Me haoe mucha falta el couscjo I stand in much need / your ai- 

 de vmd., vice. 



Pesar, wlien it is to be rendered in English by to repent f, to 

 be sorry for, is subject to the same peculiarity of construction as 

 giistar and faltar, except that it is used before an infinitive 

 with the preposition de, which infinitive would in English be 

 used as a participle ; as 



A Dies le pesa de baber hecho God repents of having made Sul 

 rey a Saul, king. 



" It repents God for having made Saul a king," would be a 

 more literal rendering of this last example. 



THE ADVERB. 



Adverbs are either derivative (or primitive) or adverbial 

 phrases. 



The simple adverb, when it qualifies a verb, generally comes 

 after the verb ; aa 



La religion expresa sublime- Religion expresses this truth 

 meute esta verdacl, sublimely. 



a can bo no regular rule* given for the portion of Uw> 

 ; in most instance* it may vary according to the Unto 

 of tho writer. Some adverb* generally precede the verb : tneb 

 areouando, when: luego, immediately : apenac, tcarcely / cuantu, 

 at much; doude, where; and negative and interrogative ma- 

 vi-rl.-i. 



Ella ea muy ignorant*, sJU u I He obrmdo moj nantonnate. / 

 vtry ignorant. \ hate acUd very foobtU-j. 



Adverbs, like adjeotivee, admit of comparison ; a 



Alabon maa 4 loc muertoa qua a 

 loa vivoa, they praise more the dead 

 than the living. 



Beeiben maa alayraaente 

 dan, (hey receive more gladly 

 Ouy jiv. 



The adverb no ia sometimes used in comparison* in a manner 

 that doea not imply a negation, in which caae it would be 

 redundant in English, and might be properly omitted in 

 Spanish ; aa 



Mcjor ea el buen nombre quo no Better is Ihe good name them Ute 

 las riquezas, rich*. 



Mny, very, very much, ia used to qualify adjectivee, partici- 

 ples, and other adverbs, but is never used to modify veiba. 

 Mucho, much, very much, ia used to qualify verba and aometimea 

 adverbs of comparison ; as 



Lucia lee muy bien, Lucy reo<2> 

 eery irell. 



Te baa hecho mucho ma pode- 

 roso que nosotros, thou host nuMti 

 thyself much more mighty than ve. 



Ella es muy rica, she is very rich. 



Para a mar mucho al hombre, 

 preciso ea eatimarle mucho, in 

 order to love a man much, it is neces- 

 sary to esteem him much. 



Muy sometimes is employed to qualify nouns, especially at the 

 beginning of a note or letter addressed to any person ; 



Muy amigo mio, very much my 

 friend (dear friend). 



Muy seiior mio, very muck 

 gentleman (dear sir). 



Bien, joined to adjectives or adverbs, ia equivalent to very, 

 as, bien rico, rein/ rich; and to verbs, much; as, 1 bebio* bien v 

 he drank much. 



Negative adverbs and all negations generally precede the 

 verb ; as 



A ningiino dio el libro, to no one 



gave he the book. 



No puede escribir, he 



write. 



If a word implying negation come after the verb, the adverb 

 no must precede the verb ; as 



No dio el libro a ninguno, he No tiene nada, he has nothing, 

 gave the book to no one. 



From tho last two rules it will be seen that in Spanish it .can 

 be said, nada tiene, or no tiene nada, he has nothing ; a ninguno 

 habld, or habld a. ninguno, he spoke to nobody ; ella nunca ha 

 hablado, or ella no ha hablado nunca, she has never spoken. 



Nunca, never, and jamas, never, are sometimes both used in a 

 sentence to give additional force to the negation ; aa 



Nunca jamas tendra sed, .Never, never will he be thirsty. 



Jamas, never, is used with siempre, always, in the senae of 

 ever and ever ; as 



Dios reina por aiompre jamas, 



God reigns for ever ami *er. 



In interrogative sentences, jamas is rendered by ever in Eng- 

 lish ; as, <i ha jamas hablado ? Tias he ever spoken f 



Si, yes, and no, no, when used after verbs in such sentence* 

 as he replied no, they answered yes, I believe nor, take qiu 

 before them in Spanish ; as 



Eespondio que si, he replied yes. 

 Creo que no, / think not. 



Me dijeron que no, thy told M 



Ella pueda cantar, pero yo BO. 

 she can sing, but J cannot (no). 



Si, yes, and no, no, serve to affirm or deny what is predicated 

 in a preceding verb without repeating the verb ; 



To no s6 nadar, y Juan si, I 

 know not how to swim, and John 

 does (yes). 



Derivative adverbs are nearly all formed from adjectives, by 

 suffixing mente, which in Spanish corresponds to ly added to 

 adjectives in English ; as 



Cierto ; cie'rtame'nte, 

 certainly. 



certain ; I Bastanto ; bastintemlnte ; svf.- 

 I cient; u/icit>tly. 



When more adverbs than one ending with mente qualify the 

 same verb, the auflix mente, for the purpose of preventing a 



