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THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



change of form in either the qualifying or the qualified word ; 

 whereas, in agreement, inflection produces changes. 



Instances of qualification have been already given. The 

 limits of these lessons leave little space for additions on the 

 subject ; which, indeed, are the less necessary, because the sub- 

 ject is free from difficulty. Qualification, however, runs through 

 the whole texture of the Latin, as of every other language. Its 

 extent, as well as its nature, may be learned by the study of the 

 following, in which the chief adverbs are arranged in classes 

 accordiii^' to their signification : 



I. INTERROGATIVE. Ubi ? where f unde ? whence ! quo 1 whither ? 

 qua (via) ? in what way ? where ? quando ? when ? 



II. DETERMINATIVE. Ibi, there ; ibidem, in the same place ; hie, here 

 (where I am) ; istic, there (where thou art) ; illic, there (where he is) ; 

 inde, thence ; indidetn, from the same place ; hinc, hence ; istinc, thence ; 

 lllinc, thence; eo, thither; ea, in that way, there ; eadein, m the same way; 

 hac, in this way ; istac, in that way ; iliac, in that way ; turn, then. 



III. BELATIVE. Ubi, where; ubiubi, ubicunque, wherever ; unde, 

 whence; undeunde, undecunque, whencesoever ; quo, whither; qua, in 

 tchich way ? where 1 quaqua, quacunque, every way ; quaudoquum, 

 tehen; quandoque, quaudocunque, whenever. 



IV. INDEFINITE. Alicubi, someuihere; alieunde, from some quarter or 

 ether ; aliquo, somewhither, somewhere ; aliqua, in some way, somewhere ; 

 aliquando, at some time. 



V. GENERAL. Ubique, everywhere ; ubivis, ubilibet, where you will, 

 everywhere; undtque, on every side; uudevis, undelibet, whencesoewer ; 

 quovis, quolibet, whither you, will; quavis, qualibet, in any way you 

 please ; quaudoque, quandocuuque, when you please. 



Among qualifying words an important position is held by the 

 adverbs which are employed in negations, affirmations, and 

 questions. 



NEGATIONS. 



Negation is made in Latin by non, ne, and haud, not. Non 

 denies in relation to the subject the act set forth in the verb, 

 converting an affirmative into a negative proposition ; as 



Affirmative. Frater mous timet mortem, my brother fears death. 



Negative. Sapiens non timet mortem, a wise man docs not fear death. 



Two negatives in form produce a positive in idea ; thus, non 

 nemo, not nobody, is somebody, that is, many a one; nonnnlli, 

 several; nonnihil, somewhat; nonnunquam, occasionally; non 

 ignoro, I am well aware ; non nego, I admit. 



Non modifies the word before which it is placed, and there- 

 fore non should be placed before the word which it is intended 

 to modify. Thus very different are the meanings of these three 

 sentences : 



1. Non possum legere, I cannot read. 



2. Possum nou legere, I am able to not redd. 



3. Nou possum uon legere, I am unable to not read. 



Sentence 1 declares, I have not power to read ; 2, I may dis- 

 continue reading ; and 3, I have not power to discontinue or 

 leave off reading. 



For non, nullus, in agreement with a noun, and particularly 

 with the relative pronoun, is sometimes used in Latin ; as 

 . Misericordia, quse tibi nulla debetur, pity which is not due to thee. 



Observe that the adjective nulla, in the Latin, goes with the 

 pronoun quce. In translating, the adjective nullus may often 

 be best rendered by an adverbial phrase, as here : pity which is 

 not at all, or in no way, due to thee. 



Instead of our form and not, the Latins employed neque or 

 nee. For example : 



Tullius me non convenerat, nee erat jam quisquam mecum, 

 Tullij had not met me, and there was no one with me. 



"Vis., scarcely, may, as a softened or modest negative, hold 

 the place of non, especially with the subjunctive perfect, a form 

 which is employed to express the fact or idea in a gentle and 

 courteous manner ; thus, instead of barely saying, non credidi, 

 I did not believe, politeness suggested non crediderim, I could 

 not persuade myself, or vix crediderim, scarcely could I believe. 

 The present subjunctive has a similar force, but in a less 

 decided degree. 



Ne, when used by itself, is prohibitive, being employed before 

 an imperative mood, or a subjunctive having the force of an 

 imperative ; for example : 



Tua quod nihil refert ne cures. 



Do not trouble yourself with what does not concern you. 



In combination, ne is found with a general negative ; for 

 example, nemo, that is, ne and homo; nullus, that is, ne and 



ullus; nihil, that is, ne hilum (not the least) ; nunquam, that 

 is, ne and unquam. 



Haud denies rather an idea or a quality than a proposition ; 

 thus, haud aaqnus, not equal, is the same as iniquus, unequal or 

 unjust ; for example 



Haud medtocris vir f uit, he was no common man ; 

 a different statement from 



Mediccris vir non fuit, he teas not a man of moderate ability. 



INTEEBOGATIVE PARTICLES. 



The interrogative particles qualify either sentences or ideas. 



Interrogations are made in Latin in various ways. In order 

 to ascertain what the answer in each case should be, you must 

 consider where the question lies, as well as the nature of the 

 question. For instance, you may ask, Cinnane es ? or esne 

 Cinna ? art thou Cinna ? To the first question, the answer is 

 Cinna sum ; to the second, sum Cinna ; for, in the first, the 

 question is whether thou art Cinna or Dolabella ; in the second, 

 whether thou art Cinna or not. These modifications of mean- 

 ing, which in Latin are expressed by position, we in English 

 express by emphasis, and accordingly in pronunciation we 

 should throw the stress of the voice, in the first sentence, on the 

 word Cinna, and in the second on the word art. If we wished 

 to ask whether the person before us, and not another person, 

 was Cinna, then in Latin we should use the pronoun tu, placed 

 at the head of the sentence, and in English we should make 

 thou emphatic : thus, tune es Cinna ? answer, Ego ; art thou 

 Cinna ? / am. I will place the three examples with their 

 answers together. 



1. Cinnane es ? Ciuna sum. | 2. Esne Cinna ? Sum Cinna. 

 3. Tune es Cinna? Ego. 



The negative non may become an interrogative particle, and, 

 on the part of him who employs it, expects an answer in the 

 negative. A man was brought before Augustus, charged with 

 having murdered his father. The emperor, actuated by disbelief 

 or clemency, asked him : Certe patrem tunm non occidisti ? 

 surely you have not killed your father ? He thus, as it were, 

 put into the man's mouth the answer : non occidi, I have not. 

 Observe that, in Latin, the important word must be repeated or 

 given in the answer. Tho answer to the question now before 

 us is, in English, no ! or I have not ; but in Latin, non occidi, 

 the verb of the question being employed in the answer. 



By studying the foregoing, you will learn that an interroga- 

 tion with non is little else than a rhetorical negative. 



The interrogative ne simply asks a question without in any 

 way prejudging the answer ; as, Esne bonus ? art thou good ? 

 Here, it is supposed that the questioner is ignorant whether the 

 person questioned is good or not. The ne, which is an enclitic, 

 should be subjoined to the emphatic word. Thus, if you wanted 

 to ask whether a father was good, rather than some one else, 

 then the question would stand, paterne cst bonus ? If the point 

 at issue lay in the quality good, then the arrangement would bo, 

 bonusne est pater ? Should the words stand thus, estne pator 

 bonus ? then it would be intimated that the question referred to 

 est, and the answer would be, No, he is not, but WAS good. 



Non and ne are united and form nonne. On the principle 

 that two negatives make an affirmative, nonne expects an affir- 

 mative answer ; for example, nonne sol lucet ? does not the sun 

 shine ? the answer is lucet, it shines. 



Num is another interrogative adverb, and is used to draw 

 forth an answer in agreement with the mind of the questioner. 

 It may of ten be rendered into English by surely not; as, num. 

 negare audes ? surely you do not dare to deny ? The answer is, 

 non audeo, I dare not, or non nego, I do not deny. 



I will put down in several forms of interrogation the affirma- 

 tive proposition sot lucet, together with the proper answers : 



Nonne sol lucet ? immo vero. 

 Num sol lucet? non nego. 

 An sol lucet ? tu negas. 



Sol lucet? non, luna lucet. 



Lucet ne sol ? lucet. 



Nou lucet sol ? certe lucet. 



The last particle an requires explanation. An asks a question 

 which the questioner himself denies, the object being to confirm 

 or prove what has gone before ; for example 



Quis neget omnes improbos esse servos ? 

 Who can deny that all bad men are slaves ? 

 An ille liber cui mulier imperat ? 

 7s he/re tchom o woman commands? 



