LKSSO.VS IN ITALIAN' 





Here are some examples of this rale 



Io mi affretto a partire, I hasten 



to go away. 

 Egli va a praniare MOO, he i* going 



I inlh /i i in. 



.11. :!> a dire, Chi 6 UP 

 ,yan to say, WTw u there t 



Nieutfl faoendo ' impanv a far 



male, by doing nothing, we Uani 



to do mi 

 A pooo a pooo *i vleue a tapero 



otjui COM, little by little \ct cume 



to tiioio ever 



PAETICIPLES. 



70. The past ; n-i-'l without an auxiliary, 



number with the substantive to 



which il r. ; 



Veune intuuto 1' ora flsaata dolla 

 ' partouza, meamrhile the hour ap- 

 pointed/or (he departure arrived. 

 II i- i.lroue, tomato a coaa, audus- 

 one a lotto, t/i master, having 

 returned home, went to bod. 



Servitii offorta non 6 inai stimata, 

 offered slavery it never esteemed. 



Egli ha la mauo tagliata, he has 

 hi* hand cut off. 



Vi furoiio molto taste tagliate, 

 there were many head* cut off. 



71. The past partioiple, being used with the verb 

 essere, to be, must agree with its subject in gender and num- 

 ber : 



Le foglie son cadute, the 



IfJl'M 



hate fallen. 



Bacoo era coronato di pampini, 



ISacchu* was croicncd with vine 



Tuo nonuo o morto, your -jrand- 



f at her is dead. 

 Mio genero 6 partito, my son-in- 



laut is gone. 

 Le mio zie sono generose, my 



aunts are generous. 



Ride 72. The past participle, used with any tense of the 

 verb avere, to have, is indeclinable : 



La regina ba oenato col re, t/i 



i t ucen ha supped with the king. 

 Ella ha dormito bene, she hat slept 



I gran principi hauno sempre pro- 

 tetto le pereone sapienti, great 

 princes have uiways protected 

 learned men. 



Rule 73. The past participle used with avere, and preceded 

 by the pronouns che, cui, il, quale, mi, ti, lo, la, ci, vi, li, gli, le, 

 quali, quanti, must agree with them in gender and number : 



Ha preso la coaa sul serio, he ?uu 



taken the thinj seriously. 

 I lupi hau divorato la sua greggia, 



the values have devoured his floe!:. 

 Le mil- sorelle non hanno ancora 



desinato, my sisters have not 



dined yet. 



La casa cbe ho comprata, the house 

 which I have bought. 



Voi vi dovcto chiainar conteuto 

 della giustizia che avete otte- 

 nuta da* vostri giudici, you must 

 be satisfied with the justice which 

 your judges have rendered to you. 



Le lettere cho io aveva ricevute, 

 the letters which I had received. 



Ello son piii belle che gli agnoli 

 dipinti che voi mi avete piii 

 Tolte mostrati, they are hand- 

 somer than the painted angels 

 which you have oftentimes shown 

 me. 



Gli ho veduti a spasso, I luive seen 

 them walking. 



ADVERBS. 



Rule V4. The Italian adverbs are generally placed after the 

 vsrb in its simple tenses, or between the auxiliary and the past 

 participle in its compound tenses; as 



Ella m 1 amera sempre, she will 



always love me. 

 Cammiuatc piano, walk gently. 



.M finite, he has almost done. 



Non voglio assolutamente che voi 

 sortiate oggi, I will not absolutely 

 j-ujfer you to go out to-dav. 



gia partito, he has already gone. 



There .re many exceptions, for the Italians place sometimes 

 the adverbs in the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a 

 sentence : 



Ben eai, che io verro, you know 



; 'i-M that I shall come. 

 II quale prestaiueute s' avventava 



alia gola di costoi, which hastily 



seised her by the throat. 



II qualo aperse la porta presta- 

 nicute, who quickly opened the 

 door. 



Io to 1' ho detto cento volte, I told 

 it to you a hundred tintes. 



PREPOSITIONS. 



Rule 75. Tn Italian, prepositions are commonly placed before 

 the words which they govern ; as 



Vicino nl fonte, near the/wntain. 

 Rimpetto all' America, opposite 

 America. 



Venite a Cambrigge, come to Cam- 

 bridge. 



Patelo per me, do it for me. 

 Passate da me, call upon me. 



Rule 76. The preposition da is nsod when we wish to express 

 an idea of separation, dependence, difference, origin, cause, use, 

 fitness, distinction, residence, etc. : 



Amlate da quolla parte, go that 



way. 

 AllonUnanl da Koina, to depart 



Acteneni dal parlare, to obitatn 



from speai. 

 Da che egli 4 partito, ince he is 



fOMi 

 Dall' anno scorao, /rom the la*t 



year. 

 Difenderti dagli ipocriti. to d/nd 



one'* self against hyjivcrites. 

 Distinguere un cane da uu lupo, 



to dtst.inyuith a dog from a wolf. 

 Enere incalzoto dal oemico, to be 



pursued by the enemy. 

 Fare una cosa da se, t</ do a thing 



of one's self. 

 Ciiiiirlanii da uno, to beware of some 



one. 

 Riparani dal vento, to shelter one's 



self from the wind. 

 Staccaro una cosa da un' ultra, 



to separate one thing from another. 

 Vengono da due parti oppocte, 



they come from two opposite 



quarters. 



Cart a ila scrivere, wrifinj-paper. 

 Casa da vendere, house to be sold. 

 Cavalli da carrozza, carriage-horses. 

 Ragazza da uiaritare, girl to be 



married. 

 Cozzare col piii forto e da balordo, 



it is siliy to contend with the 



strongest. 

 una storia da ridere, it is a story 



to mate one laugh. 

 un soggetto da commedia, it is a 



subject jit for a play. 

 uu ragazza da marito, she is a 



girl oj a marriageable age. 

 Io non ho armi da difendermi, 



I/ uomo dal Mnttfln. Qu 



of 



HOD MBO COM da dim, J< -*n 



not things (0 b UU. 

 Non i OOM da an pari TO*-. 



not Uung btetimimg c ... 



Von. 

 Bono tempi dm piucre, Unit **t 



< 11*44 to \C4tf. 



Uomo da teato, Mr to k 



fatigue, a drudge. 

 Aadato dal foruajo, 9. to u 



baker 1 1. 

 Andro da mia madrc, / vOI 9* to 



my mother's. 



Vive da ignore, he lf like a tor*. 

 Ha trattato da birboato, he fci 



acted like a rascal. 

 Avete <la fare ? tune you sormUnatt 



to do? [teorlc to dt>. 



Datemi da lavorare, jit e M sow* 

 Dite da burla ? do you tytak in 



jokef 

 Dite da vero? do you nftttk . 



earnest 1 

 Egli fa da dottore, he *et up for 



doctor. 

 Egli ha da doe milioni di capitaie, 



he has about tu-p miUious / 



capital. 

 II re era da nn canto, la regina da 



un nltro, the Icing OK on* *eU, 



and t't queen on the other. 

 Non T* e da ridere, there u ..o 



reason for laughing. 

 Uomo da bene, a good man. 

 Viase da cento anni, he lived 4o*tft 



a hundred year*. 

 Vi giuro, da galantnomo, / SM>I 



to you on the /ai'h of an Kontf 



man. 

 Venite qui da me, come htre nsmr 



me. 



I have no arms to defend myself. 



Rule 77. The preposition a or ad, to, expresses intentior.. 

 tendency, end, attribution, and the proximity of a place or 

 person : 



Andare a prannare, to go to dine. 

 Appoggiarsi ad uno, to lean upon 



some one. 

 Avvicinarsi ad uno, to come near 



some one. 

 Egli venne a trovarmi, lie came to 



meet me. 



Mandare a vedere, to send nl see. 

 Mi si avvento addosso, he rushed 



upon me. 

 Passare all' altca parte delJa 



strada, to cross on the otter si*t 



of the street. 

 Vicino al fuoco, near (he Jirt. 



Rule 78. The preposition con, with, expresses the id<* of 

 society or union : 



St.ri^nere amioizia con alcuno, to 

 form a friendship tm'th some one. 



Egli camminava col bastono in 

 mono, he wolfed with the cane in 

 his hand. 



uscito col serritore, fce is gone 

 icith his servant. [with me. 



Venite insieme con me, rome ale..-; 



Parlai con sao fratello, I pofc> 

 icith her brother. 



Rule 79. The preposition in, in or upon, on, expresses the 

 existence of an object in or on a body : 



Morire in eta di cento anni, to die 

 nt Hie age of one hundred years. 



Mettere una cosa in tasca, to put 

 a thing in one's pocket. 



U pranzo e in tavolc., tfu dinner .9 



on the table. 



Essere in mare, to be at sea. 

 Sto in casa, I stay in the hoiwr 



CONJUNCTIONS. 



Rule 80. The following conjunctions, and all those that rc 

 attended by a preposition, require the verb which follows them 

 to be put in the infinitive : 



A fine di, in order to. 

 Avauti di, be/ore. 

 Dopo, after. 



In veco di, instead of. 

 1'or i ;uira di, for fear. 



Prima di. be/ore. 

 Senza, without. 



The following sentences are esamples : 



Prima dl partire. l^fort going. 

 Senza dal nostro proposito 4' 



viare, without deviating from e>nr 



subject. 



Rule 81. The following conjunctions require the verb whi.-h 

 follows them to be put in the indicative : 



A fine di perfezionarla, in order to 



perfect yourself. 



Dopo aver detto, after having said. 

 Per dir il vero, to tell the truth. 



