PAINTING IN WATER-COLOURH. 



OBSERVATIONS. '-Bemntn. l-c.jenicn. braudjfii, eml<ehren, tnoahncii, 

 jtnuptn : i-iien, verfrb.len, ttera.f|ftii, uMluiitb.nifn, roalircn, and 



nwrtcn, take in common conversation, the ac- 



: M and ivartni are more commonly con- 



Htrurd witli au?, and Kirticn, fpetteii, and toaltcn with ubri 

 on accusni 



126. RULE. 



The follow Addition to the pronoun 



peculiar to them, a word of limitation in tho genitive: 



:u!'incn, to engage in. 

 beticncn, to use. 



" S!"-'"' I to apply to. 

 . oqmfioen, ) 



. bema^Hgen, to take posses- 

 sion. 



bemciftcrn, to seize. 



entaunern. to abstain. 



entMetfii, to dare, to be 

 bold. 



entbrccijfn, to forbear. 



. entbalttn, to refrain. 



entftylagen, to got rid of. 



, entftnnen, to recollect. 



i crbarmcn, to pity, 

 erfrerbcn, to presume. 

 eminent, to remember. 

 crfubiirit, to venture. 

 cnocbren, to resist, 

 crfrcucn, to rejoice. 

 getu'ilen, to hope for. 

 riibmcn, to boast. 

 filMiiKii, to bo osliamed. 

 ubcrb,cbcn, to be haughty, 

 unterfangen, to undertake, 

 wrfe^en, to be aware. 

 ujtbren, to resist, 

 trcigcrn, to refuse ; etc. etc. 



OBSERVATIONS. The genitive is in like manner put after the 

 following impersonate : 



Gf9 gduflct mi*, I desire. 



<&t jamnirrt mid;, I pity, or compassionate. 



(Ss reut mid;, I repent, or regret. 



dt lobnt fid;, it is worth while. 



127.-RULE. 



The following verbs require after them a genitive denoting a 

 (king, and an accusative signifying a person : 



HnfUigen, to accuse. Gntfctjcn, to displace. 



'i'elcbren, to inform. Ucbcrfycben, to exempt. 



'Bcrauben, to rob. I llcberjcugcn, to convince. 



to accuse. !levftd;etn, to assure, etc. 





OBSERVATIONS. The verbs above, when in tho passive voice, 

 take for their nominative the word denoting tho person, the 

 genitive of the thing remaining the same ; as, er ifl cine 23erbred;enS 

 angeffagt loorten, ho has been accused of a crime. 



128. RULE. 



Nouns denoting the time, place, manner, intent, or cause of 

 an action, are often put absolutely in the genitive and treated 

 as adverbs; as, te 9)2orgcn geb.e id; au, in the morning I go out; 

 nun fuctyt ib,n allcr Drtcn, they seek him everywhere; id; bin 

 'IBiflenS b,tnaigeben, I am willing to go there. 



OBSERVATIONS. This adverbial use of the genitive is quite 

 common in German. (See 101.) In order, however, to express 

 the particular point, or the duration of time, the accusative is 

 generally employed, or a preposition with its proper case. 



129. RULE. 



A noun or pronoun used to represent the object in reference 

 to which an action is done or directed, is put in tho dative ; as, 

 id) tanfe tir, I thank (or cm thankful to) you ; cr tfl tcm ofce 

 ttttgangen, he has escaped from death. 



OBSERVATIONS. (1.) Tho dative is the case employed to 

 denote the person or the thing, in relation to which the subject 

 of the verb is represented as acting. Compared with the ac- 

 cusative, it is the case of the re-mote object: the accusative being 

 the case of the immediate object. Thus, in tho example, id) 

 fcfcrieb meintm JCatcr etnen SBticf, I wrote (to) my father a letter, 

 the immediate object is a letter; while father, the person to 

 whom I wrote, is the remote object. Tho number of verbs thus 

 taking the accusative with tho dative is quite large. 



(2.) On the principle explained in tho preceding observation 

 may be resolved such cases as tho following : tt tbut mtr Icit, it 

 causes mo sorrow, or, I aai sorry ; e tmrb mtr im Jpcrjen web, fyun, 

 it will cause pain to me in the heart (it will pain me to the 

 heart), etc. 



(3.) A right regard to the observation made above, namely, 

 that tho dative merely marks that person or thing in reference 

 to which an action is performed, will serve also to explain all 

 auch examples as these ; 3bnen bcteutet ticfefl Opfcr nid;t, to yon 

 (i.e., so far as you aro concerned) this sacrifice means nothing : 



tie Zferdntn, tu Curon Cttrit yfrffm. the team which hare flowed 

 from) your dispute ; rair tcttm eta fe^vf M 

 '.llfert, a abot killed a hone for me (.., killed my hone). 



(4.) Tho rule comprehends all such vert* a tho following ; 

 antnn<rten, to answer; tanltn, to thank; luncn, to serve; trcfera, to 

 threaten ; feb.len, to fall abort; fluent, to cur*e; W*n, to follow; 

 frohiitn, to do homage; ^bubrcn, to be doe; srfjiun, to pleMe; 

 gtbi-rctt, to pertain to ; gtbwjint. to obey ; 9f BUJCM. to mtiflj ; 

 gfrti(f>fn, to be adequate; gltubtn, to resemble ; b^lun, to help, etc. 



(5.) ThU rule also comprehend* all reflective verb* that 

 govern the dative ; an, i$ mafc mit ftintn lad an, twli^m ty nvtt 

 b,ab(, I claim to myself no title, which I have not ; an alw> all 

 impersonate requiring the dative'; as, tt btlitbt mtr, it please* me, 

 or, I am pleased ; tt mangel t mtr, iu in wanting to me, or, I am 

 wanting, etc. 



(6.) The dative is also often used after passive verbe; as, 

 von (Mtiflcrn nnrt icr 20cg raju ttfd;u(jt, the way thereto is guarded 

 by angelw ; tl'm rcirt gelo^nt, (literally) it is rewarded to him, t^, 

 he is rewarded. 



130.-BULE. 



Many compound verbs, particularly those compounded with 

 tr, ver, cnt, an, ab, auf, bet, nad>, vet, ju, and tetter, require 

 after them tho dative; as, 3$ babe ib,m Oklt angtbcten, I hare 

 offered him money. 



131. RULE. 



An adjective used to limit the application of a noun, where, 

 in English, tho relation would be expressed by such words as to 

 or for, governs the dative ; as, Set ttinem -fretm getreu, be faithful 

 to your master. 



OBSERVATIONS. Under this rule are embraced (among 

 others) the following adjectives: abnlicf), like; angemefTen, appro- 

 priate ; angenebm, agreeable ; anftcptg, offensive ; befannt, known : 

 befd)i(ten, destined; ctgen, peculiar; fremt, foreign; gftnij, accord- 

 ing to; gemein, common ; gciradjfcn, competent; gndtia, gracious; 

 tynlfam, healthful ; licb, agreeable ; nab. e, near ; uberlegen, superior ; 

 >ci4 f ifcmmen, welcome ; wtfcrig, adverse ; btenflbar, serviceable ; gebcr- 

 fum, obedient ; nu$lk$, useful. 



PAINTING IN WATER-COLOURS. VII. 



EFFECT OF COMBINATION ON COLOURS CONCLUSION. 



As we are desirous that these lessons upon painting in water- 

 colours should, as far as possible, explain the principles of tho 

 art, we deem it necessary to include other subjects for our 

 consideration, besides that of landscape. By these further 

 investigations we shall add to our means of explaining thu 

 theory, and open out a more extensive field for practice. All 

 who have had any considerable experience in painting can testify 

 to the benefit that is derived from allowing their attention and 

 practice to extend to other objects, rather than by confining 

 them to one class only ; and although the objects of our choice 

 may differ in kind and character as widely as possible, yet the 

 same colours and manner of execution may to a great extent 

 be common to all. Besides, the knowledge and power we gain, 

 directly or indirectly, from the study of one class may be found 

 serviceable when we take up others directly, when tlie same 

 colours and method of using them may be repeated ; indirectly, 

 in teaching us that there are certain combinations and mode* 

 of treatment which can only be employed in special cases, all 

 of which must give its a command, both of manner and material, 

 that cannot fail to be of advantage to us upon all occasions. 



When we consider that the proper application of colours lies 

 in their arrangement and combinations, we shall not be at a 

 loss to understand in what respect the diversity of studv we 

 speak of can help us to overcome the difficulties. Hence the 

 source of originality, from depending principally upon our own 

 observations. It is true we may in a great measure be guided 

 by the experience of others, and it would be unwise to reject 

 it ; but as each painter has his own innate feeling, both of form 

 and colour, which influences him in his method of representing 

 either, we may easily account for the way in which every one 

 makes for himself his own style and manner, peculiar to himself 

 alone. On the other hand, they who entirely depend upon 

 other men's experience, without looking away from it to Natun- 

 for the reasons which guided them in their practice, are but 

 copyists, and more frequently copy the faults rather than the 

 excellences of their masters. Let us suppose the case of two 



