300 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



indefinite, merely declaring that an act will take place or a con- 

 dition arise at some future moment ; while the former is a 

 future with a limitation, denoting that the circumstance will 

 occur in relation to some other time, either immediately in the 

 present, or after another future event. The simple future, or 

 the future formed by adding a termination to the stem, as 

 representing a thing that will be, may denote an event that is 

 to be, or must be ; so it comes to signify a request or convey a 

 command, especially in questions with ov. 



The future may also express that which is conformable to the 

 character of the subject, that which may be expected from the 

 subject, as 'O SiKatos avijp eu Picafferai, Kaictas 5e 6 aSiKos, ttujttst 

 man will live well, but the unjust ill. 



After verbs signifying to promise, to wish, to request, to 

 hinder, to swear, to expect, to hope, etc., the Greeks use either 

 the infinitive future, or the infinitive present, or the infinitive 

 aorist. 



The perfect future or third future denotes a condition or an 

 action which is considered as completed in the future ; as fi.a.Tr\v 

 ffj.oi KeK\a.vfftrai, in vain shall I have wept. 



The third future is used also to indicate a continuous future 

 condition, and serves therefore as the ordinary future to verbs 

 which in the perfect have a present signification ; as aei TTJS <ri)$ 

 <pi\ias jue/xyTjtrojuai, I will always remember thy friendship. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GREEK. L. 



EXERCISE 135. GREEK-ENGLISH. 



1. A few sensible men are more to be feared than many senseless 

 cues. 2. The wrath of those who lose lasts but a short time. 3. 

 Men say that there are more evil things in life than good. 4. The 

 country has many mountainous parts. 5. Agriculture accustoms one 

 to endure both the cold of winter and the heat of summer. 6. Pros- 

 perity hcJps to hide wickedness, but adversity soon makes it manifest. 



7. When the enemy came up, he ordered the Greeks to make ready. 



8. Three came. 9. The wise man is happy. 10. The men of old were 

 courageous. 11. Miltiades and his men fought bravely (lit., those 

 around Miltiades). 12. It is honourable to teach. 13. The word "if" 

 is a conjunction. 14. I will kill you ; but what say you ? It is not I 

 that will kill you, but the law of the state. 15. We all praise what 

 you say. 16. Socrates was always in public, for in the morning he 

 used to go into the promenades and gymnasia, and during the rest 

 of the day wherever he was likely to meet the largest number of 

 people. 17. The future is hidden. 18. The power of the gods is 

 very great. 19. Men are mortal. 20. I am a Greek. 21. It is im- 

 possible to be a good citizen without justice. 



EXERCISE 136. ENGLISH-GREEK. 



1. 'E? ijXflov. 2. Auw t}\0Ttiv. 3. E/ctd/or Kai av afa6<a tarov, 4. 'O 

 iraTrip eynof Kat 710 ayaBoi f<nov. 5. Sfvo<f>u>v np(01 a-rparn-jos. 6. EKEIKU 

 6vu> >]p<;Ot\Ti\v a-rpa-rrtfio, Kai irapetrnfvaaao&t]v tevat firt TDK TroXejuiov. 7. 

 Affta af KUKOV eivaj. 8. Zu 3e ; 9. \t-yia. 10. So i ao<j>os, enetvot &e ov. 

 31. 'Hjucir eer/iti/ 'EXXrji/et. 12. AorjXa ean ra jueXXoi/ja. 13. Avtipuirot 

 tfi'rj-roc fan. 14. 'H a&e\<pn eyutj Oioirr) fa-ri. 15. Oi ejioi a&e\<poi KCU aSe\<f>at 

 dvr\Toi eiaiv. 16. Efu> Kai av tivriTW eo-roi'. 17. Exe(i/o fan jucopia. 18. NOI/K 

 "7'1 e X e '" ao(pia eoTiv. 19. 'H ayopa a< iruaa n TroXi? TrfTrXtipu/ievai fiaiv. 

 20. 'Hjueif Kai fKfivot fpa<t>o/jifv. 21. Exeii/of KCU e-)a> jpa^ojuev. 22. 'H 

 <5n^oKpaTia owe ta-riv ajadov. 23. Oc ai5p, at ivvamet, Kai ol Trailer irape- 

 oxewaoyiei'Oi etaiv. 24. EO-TI -ra xpn/^ara ew<5a(juoi/ta9 rr)pieioi>; 25. Ta XP1M aTa 

 OUK o-ri <rt;neiov ev&ai/jionat. 



INDUSTRIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY 

 OF COMMERCE. 



CHAPTER XIX. COMMERCE OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS 



(continued). 

 GENOA. 



GENOA, like most of the Italian cities which rose to com- 

 mercial eminence in the Middle Ages, had existed as a Eoman 

 municipium, and is referred to at the time of the Second Punic 

 War. The city, allied with Pisa, was the first to engage in 

 attacking the Saracen corsairs which infested the Mediter- 

 ranean. During the Crusades, Genoa vied with Venice in the 

 part she played. The profits obtained at this period stimulated 

 commerce and navigation. The Eepublic became rich, and its 

 sailors were so gallant as to be dreaded even by the Venetians. 

 It was at this date that the Genoese made the conquest of 

 Corsica and part of Sardinia, driving out the Saracens, whom 

 they also deprived of Minorca and some Iberian provinces. 

 The climax of Genoese prosperity was reached in 1261, when, 



for the assistance rendered to the Byzantine Government, they 

 were permitted to supplant the Venetians at Constantinople, 

 and to monopolise the commerce of the Euxine ; and some years 

 after their vessels were freighted with rich cargoes of Oriental 

 goods, as well as with the furs and gold of Eussia. 



Genoa increased its riches by its manufactures of velvet, 

 broadcloth, hosiery, lace, perfumes, and artistic work in gold, 

 silver, and marble. It was the entrepot for Switzerland, and the 

 outlet for the produce of the fertile districts of Lombardy and 

 Piedmont. Goods were sent inland to Germany, through Nurem- 

 berg, and also to Milan, the common depot of Venetians and 

 Genoese. In the height of its power it became covered with 

 palaces, churches, and benevolent institutions, built of pure 

 marble or of porphyry. 



Genoese history is bound up with that of Pisa and of Venice. 

 Jealous of tb.3 prosperity of other states, Genoa was always at 

 feud. Between 1070 and 1282 four wars with Pisa occurred. 

 They were a repetition of the Punic contests, and resulted in 

 the extinction of the power of the Pisanese. The conflict with 

 Venice endured for a period of 131 years. In 1351 the inde- 

 cisive battle of Pera, a suburb of Constantinople, took place, 

 when seventy-six Genoese galleys engaged seventy -four belong- 

 ing to the Venetians, Catalans, and Greeks. Encouraged by 

 the sympathy of the Pope, whose legate in the East was always 

 the Bishop of Genoa, as well as by their own vigour, the Genoese 

 fought again, when out of seventy galleys only nineteen remained 

 to dispute for the further possession of the title of Mistress of 

 the Seas. Finally, in 1381, the Genoese were compelled to 

 succumb to the maritime ascendancy of their Venetian rivals. 



During the financial difficulties caused by these long and pro- 

 tracted struggles, the government was frequently obliged to 

 borrow money from the wealthy citizens, to whom the revenues 

 arising from customs' duties were pledged in payment of the 

 interest, and, if possible, in liquidation of the debt. These state 

 creditors formed themselves into a company, with independent 

 administration, known as the Bank of St. George, whose con- 

 stitution, rights, and privileges, all officers of the Republic, 

 previous to the assumption of their dignities, swore to maintain 

 and respect. The capital or debt due by the State was divided 

 into shares of 100 lire which sum was called luogo della repub- 

 lica and the management was entrusted to a committee of one 

 hundred shareholders and a board of eight directors, chosen 

 annually at a general meeting. "When the power of Genoa in the 

 East began to wane before that of Venice, the Bank of St. George 

 undertook the defence of several of the colonial possessions for 

 the general government. In 1546 the entire island of Corsica 

 and the distant and important settlement of Kaffa on the Euxine 

 were in the hands of this company. The latter fell under the 

 rule of the Turks in 1474. With Corsica they were more success- 

 ful ; and, notwithstanding the irretrievable losses in the East, the 

 Bank of St. George would probably have succeeded, through 

 its commercial activity, in retrieving the falling fortunes of the 

 city, had not internal dissensions ruined the independence of the 

 republic. 



The sources of the wealth of Genoa, as of Venice, were 

 numerous. Its most important trade was westward with Nor- 

 mandy and Flanders, and eastward with the Euxine. Genoa, in 

 its zenith, possessed Marseilles, Kaffa, Azof, Corsica, and Elba. 

 Factions often rent the republic. In 1339 a doge, or supreme 

 magistrate, was elected. Rivalry for this office led, during two 

 centuries, to frequent strife, and subjected the state more than 

 once to the power of its neighbours. Andrea Doria freed his 

 country from the yoke of France, and changed the form of 

 government to that of biennial doges, with an advising council, a 

 system retained during the rest of its mediaeval history. 



In their contest with Venice, in the middle of the fourteenth 

 century, the Genoese sought assistance from John Visconti, 

 Duke of Milan. This was rendered, but at the cost of their 

 civic freedom. The state never regained its independence. 

 The Portuguese discovery of a new route to India was also 

 seriously prejudicial to it, although it injured Genoa less than 

 Venice. 



PISA. 



The citizens of Pisa were the early pioneers of the Italian 

 Lombard commerce, and were distinguished as traders from 

 the age of the Othos. The city was the third in importance 

 amongst the commercial states of Italy, but the first to rise to 

 eminence ; and from the eleventh to the thirteenth century it 



