LESSONS IN ETHNOLOGY. 



311 



and value of manures. But besides this, he does a variety of 

 operations which n- pure Tory considerable training and .-kill, 

 i my readerB were to try for the first time to drive a 

 straight furrow, they would find it aa hard a* to play on an 

 instrument which they had never handled before. They would 

 tin. I mi r. ( u.il difficulty iii shearing a sheep, in making and 

 thatching a rick. It is no easy thing to mow, to reap, to sow 

 corn, and to thresh it, though these parts of the hind's craft 

 are gradually being superseded by machinery. But in many 

 parts of England such a man earns only twelve shillings a week. 

 He cannot move from his native village, and he is consequently 

 obliged to take wages which, as compared with his skill and 

 what he could get in the colonies or in the United States, are 

 miserably scanty. 



Suppose that all young men in such a village were to deter- 

 mine that they would save half their wages till they were thirty 

 years of age, and therefore would remain single till such a time. 

 Assume that the wages I have given began when the labourer 

 was eighteen years of age ; and, without reckoning interest, 

 each man would have very little .abort of 42200 in his posses- 

 sion by the time referred to. With such a sum he could easily 

 make his fortune in a new country. We will consider that he is 

 gone, with half the other labourers of the village, and there 

 immediately ensues a scarcity of labour, and consequently an 

 immediate rise in its price. 



This rise would not be all loss to the employer of labour. It 

 would partly be compensated by renewed activity on the part 

 of the labourers, for a well-fed labourer is a better workman 

 than a starved hand. It would partly be met by an increased 

 use of machinery. In certain parts of Ireland labourers have 

 almost disappeared, and the Irish farmers, many of them being 

 very small occupiers, are using machinery in agriculture to a 

 far greater extent than English farmers do. 



There is no expedient beyond that of bringing about a scarcity 

 of labour which will raise wages, and no special or local scarcity 

 will raise general wages. If the persons who engage in a par- 

 ticular calling agree to limit their own numbers, they may, 

 perhaps, raise their own wages ; but they will do so only by 

 driving a larger number of persons into other callings, and so 

 lowering the wages in such callings. 



There are other remedies suggested for raising wages. The 

 emigration of a section from all classes of society would do 

 so ; but it must not be imagined that if the best workmen 

 in a country have left it, the residue will therefore be better off, 

 or that an excess of labour over employment characterises 

 mechanical labour only. It belongs quite as much, if not more, 

 to professional labour. But the chief remedy proposed is 

 that which has been glanced at above, a combination, namely, 

 among labourers. But I shall be better able to expound this 

 subject when I treat of profits, as I propose doing in my 

 next lesson. 



TERMS USED IN COMMERCE. XI. 



TRADE, BOARD OF. A department of the Government orga- 

 nised to control all matters having regard to the trade of the 

 country and to the Colonies. 



TRAVELLER. A person engaged by wholesale houses and 

 manufacturers to canvass for orders, collect money, and repre- 

 sent their interests away from their place of business. 



TBET. An allowance of 4 Ibs. on every 104 Ibs. on certain 

 articles of merchandise for dust, etc. 



TRINITY HOUSE. An establishment incorporated by charter 

 in the interests of navigation and commerce ; it is empowered 

 to erect lighthouses, appoint pilots, settle the rates of pilotage, 

 conduct the examination of mariners, and regulate, in many 

 respects, the marine affairs of the country. 



TROVER. An action for the recorery of personal property, 

 or for damages. 



TRUCK SYSTEM. The system of paying the whole or part of 

 workmen's wages in goods instead of money. 



TRUSTEE. One who is entrusted with the care or management 

 of property or a business for the benefit of others. 



ULLAGE. The quantity deficient in casks of liquids. 



UNDERWRITER. In marine insurance, generally applied to 

 the individual insurers at Lloyd's and elsewhere, who underwrite 

 or subscribe their name to each policy they are concerned in. 



USANCE The established custom or usage of different places 



a> to the period* for which foreign bilU of exchange are drawn. 

 The following are the usance* at the respective plaoM : 



Antwerp 



Alton* 



Augsburg 



Barcelona 



Berlin 



Bflboa 



lill'IIH II 



Bordeaux 

 Cadiz 

 Dantzic 

 Dresden 

 Frankfort -on 



the- Maine 

 Geneva 

 Genoa 

 Gibraltar 

 Hamburg 



USURT. The legal rate of interest in England being for- 

 merly 5 per cent., any excess of charge upon that rate, except- 

 ing as regarded bills of exchange, was denominated usurious, 

 and by the usury laws rendered illegal. These laws having been 

 abolished, money-dealing in this respect is entirely unrestricted. 



VENDOR. The person on whose behalf a sale is effected, or 

 who is himself the seller, is termed the Vendor ; and the one 

 for whom a purchase is made, or who is himself the purchaser, 

 the Vendee. 



VOUCHER. Documentary evidence or proof in writing of the 

 payment or receipt of money or of other transactions. 



WAREHOUSING. A system of storing imported goods in 

 public warehouses under bond, on their being banded from the 

 vessels, pending their disposal for home consumption or re- 

 exportation. 



WARRANT OF ATTORNEY. A power given by a client to his 

 attorney to appear and plead for him, or to suffer judgment to 

 pass against him by confessing the cause of the action to be 

 just. Also generally applied to power, given by one person to 

 another, to transact any specified form of business at the risk 

 of the person giving such power. 



WARRANTY. In marine insurance, certain expressed excep- 

 tional conditions affecting the subject-matter of the policy, such 

 as the periods of a ship's sailing-, or the liability of the insurers 

 for average claims. In life assurance, the stipulation contained 

 in the policy to the effect that the declaration as to health, etc., 

 signed by the assured, shall become part of the policy. 



WASTE BOOK. Another name in bookkeeping for the Journal. 

 Under the old Italian system it was a book in which the Journal 

 entries were collected and roughly made. 



WAYS AND MEANS. An expression implying the resources 

 of an individual or concern applicable for certain purposes, and 

 the mode of applying them. 



WHARFAGE. A charge for receiving and removing goods on 

 the quays of the various docks or wharves, either on their ship- 

 ment or landing. 



WINDING UP. A term applied to the closing up of any 

 transactions or business. An Act of Parliament compels the 

 winding up of the affairs of public companies under certain 

 circumstances. 



LESSONS IN ETHNOLOGY. V. 



THE MONGOLIAN EACE. 



THE physical characteristics of Blumenbach's Mongolians were 

 detailed in a former paper. Their faces are not like our own 

 oval, but broad and square. Their skulls are of the shape which 

 Prichard calls pyramidal. The nose and the features generally 

 are flatter than in most Europeans. The eyes are situated 

 obliquely, and turn up at their outer extremity, as may be well 

 seen in the Kalmuck figured at page 73. The facial angle is not 

 so high as among the civilised Western nations, but it exceeds 

 that of the negro. The month does not greatly project. The 

 hair is generally dark, as also are the eyes. The complexion 

 varies according to the locality. It is often called yellow, and 

 sometimes olive ; but the Latter term is an objectionable one, 

 for olive has in it a certain mixture of green, a hue not ordi- 

 narily found in the human countenance. 



Blumenbach's Caucasians, it will bo remembered had to be 



