LESSONS IN ETHNOLOGY. 



313 



Asia. So much is this the CUM that, as before stated, Indepen- 

 l artary is now often called Indri>rinl.'nt Turkestan, and 

 even Chinese Turtary, ChinoHo Turkestan. Stan, or sthan, is 

 a Persian word, meaning: " place," aa Affghanufan, " the place 

 of the Aifghans," ]iin<loo<an, "the place of th-- H 

 Turkestan, then, is the i>l:i--i or the country of the Turks. 

 The Mongolian physical characteristics hare become greatly 

 softened down in the case of thn Turks resident in 1 



rmarriagei 

 with Circassian and 

 Greek Aryans have 

 had much to do 

 with this. Besides, 

 as Pridian 1 shows, 

 a nomad r u. < . 

 .-.'ttlinp down in 

 : habitation, 

 and becoming more 

 civilised, so alters 

 that the square face 

 and the pyramidal 

 .-kull of the old 

 pastoral Turks 

 would almost of 

 necessity be modi- 

 fied for the better, 

 even without Aryan 

 intermarriages, by 

 their advance in 

 civilisation. 



The Samoyedcs 

 follow next in 

 order. They are 

 a polar race akin 

 to the Esquimaux. 

 They occupy a vast 

 tract of land in the 

 north of Europe 

 and Asia, extending 

 along the shores of 

 the Arctic Ocean 

 from Archangel on 

 the White Sea to 

 Cape Tcheliuskin 

 and Khatanga Bay. 

 This conducts us 

 once more to Euro- 

 peon ground, and 

 here the Finnic sub- 

 division of the Nor- 

 thern Turanians 

 brings up the rear. 

 The Finns and the 

 Laplanders belong 

 to the group. So 

 do the Magyars of 

 Hungary. The affi- 

 nity of the Finns 

 and the Magyars is 

 thoroughly proved 

 by the similarity in 

 their respective 

 languages. The 

 Magyars have been 

 in Europe for only 



about 1,000 years. They entered it as conquerors in the ninth 

 century, and seized on the territory which they at present 

 occupy. Possibly many of the same race may have been in 

 that part of Europe previously, descended from the wild 

 Huns, with whom Attila had scourged the nations centuries 

 before. Both Attila's Huns, and their successors the Magyars, 

 were so Mongolian in appearance when they first came to 

 Europe from the Asiatic steppes, that the Europeans whom they 

 encountered looked on them as perfectly hideous ; but on them, 

 as on the Turks, centuries of civilisation have told with no 

 inconsiderable power, and the Mongolian visage lias been con- 

 siderably softened down. If Kossuth were a pure Magyar, 

 and an average specimen of the race, then that once uncouth 



tribe, or at least it* aristocratic member*, hare become tU bo* 



Fig. 6. NEW ZEA LANDERS THE CHIEF HEKI. 



Unlike the Magyars, whom we hare seen to be recent invaden 

 from Ana, the Finn* are perhaps the oldest inhabitant* of 

 Europe. It is suspected that they once overspread a great 

 purt of our continent, though so little of it remains to them 

 now. The Laplanders are of Finnish <lecx-x. Possibly the 

 Basques in the south of France and the north of Spain belong 



to the same family. 

 They were oi.oc 

 held to be Celt*. 

 but thu view bar 

 long been aban- 

 doned. In all like- 

 lihood they arc 

 Turanians, though 

 oddly enough their 

 language has torn* 

 affinity, not in it* 

 roots, but in it* 

 polysyllabic cha- 

 racter, to th< 

 American tongues. 

 The Souti Tura- 

 nian family of 

 speech resolves it- 

 self into four divi- 

 sions the Tamnlic, 

 in the south cf 

 India; the Bhotaya, 

 or the dialect* of 

 Tibet and Bhotan ; 

 the Talc, or those 

 of Siam ; and the 

 Malayic of 

 Malay peninsula, 

 the Eastern Archi- 

 pelago, and the 

 Pacific Islands. 



As before men- 

 tioned, the great 

 massof theHindooa 

 are not Aryan, but 

 Turanian. The 

 languages of the 

 south of India 

 the Tamul, the 

 Teloogoo, the Cana- 

 rese, the Malay- 

 alam, and others 

 unequivocally show 

 this. Though it be 

 less easy to prove 

 the point, yet it 

 ia believed to be 

 the same with the 

 tongues of v 

 and of Northern. 

 India, albeit their 

 original character 

 has been entirely 

 disguised by thu 

 great infusion into 

 them of Sanscrit 

 words. Thus, in 



the Mahratta spoken in Central India, one-fifth of the words 

 are not of Sanscrit origin. In the Hindee of India north of 

 the Nerbudda, where Brahminism has more or less flourished 

 during the last 2,000 years and more, one-tenth of the words are 

 derived from some language different from the Sanscrit. In 

 fact, nearly all the military history of India, for centuries after 

 the Brahmans established thoinselves in the Punjanb, consisted 

 of little more than a series of desperate combats between the 

 invading Aryans and the native Indian Turanians. The dis- 

 covery of a language akin to Tamul, the Brahui, in Beloochistan, 

 would lead one to think that it was through that country that 

 the Turanians first entered India; but further research is 

 needful before this can be considered - settled point. 



