THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



" there " in the like situation ; as, eS tear Siicmanb bjer, there was 

 no one here ; eg fcmmen Scute, there are people coming. 



(6.) The English forms, " he is a friend of mine," " it is a 

 stable of ours," etc., cannot be literally rendered into German; 

 for there we must say, cr tft mein greunb, he is my friend ; or, er 

 iji cuter metiter greunbc, he is one of my friends, etc. 



(7.) The definite article in German is often used where in 

 English a possessive pronoun is required ; as, er tetnfte tb, m mtt 

 ber -anb, he beckoned to him with his (tlie) hand. 



(8.) The datives of the personal pronouns are often in familiar 

 style employed in a manner merely expletive ; as, id; lobe mir ben 

 3ttyetnteetn, I like Rhenish wine for me, i.e., I prefer Rhenish 

 wine. 



135. THE ADJECTIVES. 



RULE. Adjectives, when they precede their nouns (expressed 

 or understood), agree with them in number, gender, and case ; 

 as, btefe fdjone S)atne, this handsome lady ; cm gittiger unb gerecbter 

 SSater, a good and just father; ben jteolftcn btefeg SDionats, the 

 twelfth (day) of this month, etc. 



OBSERVATIONS. (1.) This rule, of course, has reference to 

 those adjectives which are used attributively ; for predicative 

 adjectives, it will be remembered, are not declined. For the 

 several circumstances under which adjectives are varied in de- 

 clension, consult 27, 28, etc. 



(2.) This rule applies equally to adjectives of all degrees of 

 comparison; as beffere Siictycr, better books; bcr befte SBcin, the 

 best wine ; beg beften SBeineg, of the best wine, etc. So, too, it 

 applies equally to all classes of adjectives; as adjective pro- 

 nouns, numerals, and participles. 



(3.) The word "one," which in English so often supplies the 

 place of a preceding noun after an adjective, cannot be trans- 

 lated literally into German ; its office being rendered needless 

 in the latter tongue by the terminations of declension. 



(4.) So, also, the English " one's " is a proper equivalent of 

 the German fcin in such cases as the following: gibt eg etteag 

 blcreg, a(8 feinen gcinben ju sergeben ? is anything more noble than 

 to forgive one's enemies ? 



(5.) When the same adjective is made to refer to several sin- 

 gular nouns differing in gender, it must be repeated with each 

 and varied in form accordingly ; as, etn gdcfjrter @ol)n unb cine 

 gele^rte od;ter, a learned son and a learned daughter. The adjec- 

 tives are also often repeated, though the nouns be all of the 

 Bame gender. 



136. THE VEEBS. 



RULE. A verb must agree with its subject or nominative in 

 number and person; as, jcber 2lugenbltcf tft fcftbar, every moment 

 is precious ; bie SSaume blit^en tm grueling, the trees bloom in 

 spring. 



OBSERVATIONS. (1.) When the subject is the pronoun eg, 

 bag, or bieg, used indefinitely (see 134. 1), the predicate, if a 

 noun, determines the number and person of the verb ; as, eg finb 

 kte Srucfjte 3b.re8 Sfyung, these are the fruits of your actions. 



(2.) In the second person (singular and plural) of the impera- 

 tive mood, the pronoun which forms the subject is commonly 

 omitted; as geb,et Jjtn unb faget 3ob,anm toiebcr, ia Sfjr fefyet unt borct, 

 go and tell John what ye see and hear. 



(3.) When the verb has two or more singular subjects con- 

 nected by unb, it is generally put in the plural ; as, -5a unb 

 (Brtferfucbt finb Jjefttge Mbenfcbaftcn, hatred and jealousy are violent 

 passions. 



(4.) When the subject is a collective noun, that is, one 

 conveying the idea of many individuals taken together as 

 unity, the verb must (generally) be in the singular; as, bag 

 ennltfcfte SSolf b,at grope gretb,eit, the English people have (has) great 

 liberty. In a few cases .only, as cm $aar, a pair; cin SWenge, a 

 number ; etn >ufcenb, a dozen, the verb sometimes stands in the 

 plural. 



(5.) When a verb has several subjects, and they are of dif- 

 ferent persons, the verb agrees with the first rather than the 

 second, and the second rather than the third ; as, bu, betn SSruber 

 unb icf) teotfen ftajteren geb,en, thou, thy brother, and I will go take 

 a walk ; bu unb fcein SBruber scrmogct tel, you and your brother 

 aTail much. 



137. USES OF THE TENSES. 



RULE. The present tense properly expresses what exists or 

 is taking place at the time being ; as, bie teafire Sapferfeit befcfcufct 

 t*n @c$teacf>cn, true valour protects the weak. 



OBSERVATIONS. (1.) The present in German, as in other 

 languages, is often, in lively narrative, employed in place of 

 the imperfect ; as, bie onnc geb,t (for ging) intter. ba fteb,t (for 

 fhmb) cv am Sfjor, K., the sun goes down, when he stands at 

 the gate, etc. 



(2.) The present is not unfrequently used for the future, 

 when the true time is sufficiently clear from the context, or 

 when, for the sake of emphasis, a future event is regarded and 

 treated as already certain ; as, id; retfe morgen ab, I start (that 

 is, ivill start) to-morrow ; btcg <3d;lofii crfleigen nnr in bicfer 9tad;t, 

 this castle scale we (that is, will we scale) this very night; 

 balb feljen @te mid) nncbcr, soon you (will) see me again ; n>er weijj , 

 ttier morgen fiber ung befteb,lt, who knows who commands (that is, 

 viill command) us to-morrow ? 



(3.) It should be noted that the present is, moreover, the 

 proper tense for the expression of general or universal truths/ 

 or propositions ; as, lie SSogcl fftcgen in bee Suft, birds fly in the 

 air. 



(4.) In English we have several forms of the present tense ; 

 as, I praise, I do praise, or I am praising. In German there is 

 but one form (id; lo&e) for the expression of these several shades 

 of meaning. 



(5.) The present, in connection with the adverb fd; on (already), 

 often supplies the place of a perfect ; as, teir n>ob,nen fcbon fteben 

 Safyre l;tcr, already dwell we here (that is, have we dwelt) seven 

 years. 



(6.) In English we say often " I do walk," " I did walk," and 

 the like, where the verb do (present and imperfect) is employed 

 as an auxiliary. This cannot properly be done with the corre- 

 sponding verb (tljun, to do) in German. 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GEEMAN. 

 EXERCISE 188 (Vol. IV., page 14). 



1. In spite of the trouble which the teacher gave himself, the 

 children would not make any sound progress. 2. He made con- 

 siderable progress in the German language, after he had overcome the 

 first elements. 3. Ha is without the most needful books. 4. A poor 

 family is often without the most necessary household furniture. 5. 

 The tranquillity of this accused man rests on the consciousness of his 

 innocence. 6. The captain told us yesterday, that the young Italian 

 had shot a ball through his head. 7. He shot a ball through the bear's 

 head. 8. I prefer travelling by way of Bremen or Hamburg, instead 

 of by way of Havre. 9. I prefer riding on horseback to walking, and 

 riding in a coach to riding on horseback. 10. I am more comfortable 

 iu a warm room than in a cold one. 11. It is most agreeable to him 

 to be able to smoke his cigar after dinner. 12. To boys it is most 

 pleasing and also most healthy to take half an hour's walk after dinner. 

 13. I had an unpleasant sensation all the morning. 14. The princes 

 of Germany have again usurped the government. 15. The uncle 

 contrived to usurp his nephews' property by degrees. 16. It is some 

 time since I saw him. 17. Is it long since he fell ill ? 18. Yes, it is 

 more than three weeks already. 19. Stay at home till I come to you ; 

 I shall call on you for a walk. 20. Death calls away not only the old 

 man, but also very often the man in his prime, the youth, and the 

 child in the cradle. 21. As I knew that my friend would arrive by the 

 steamboat, I went to the landing-place for him. 22. I called at the 

 post-office this morning for this letter. 23. On my journey I stayed 

 at different inns, but I cannot praise any one of them particularly. 

 24. I generally call on my friends when I go to town. 



EXERCISE 189 (Vol. IV., page 14). 



1. 3$ ntacbte beffcre gortfcbrttte in ber beutfcben Sracbe, nad>bem id; 

 bie crften Slnfangggriinbe ubermunben b,atte. 2. >er Dnfel fucbt bag 23er 

 mogen fcincr 3icjfcn an ftd; ju reigen. 3. 3f* c8 lange, bap 3tyr SSruber 

 franf nntrb*? 4. Retn, e ift ntd>t langer, alS ctntge Sage. 5. SBerben 

 Sic 511 ^aufe Met&en, bis id; bet 36ncn sorfprecfie ? 6. ($ if* mir ange 

 nefjmer, einen @pa$tergang, aitf bag Sanb ?u macjjcn, ate 311 aufe 311 ft^en. 

 7. 2Bcnn tcb nad> ber @tabt gefye, fo fpred;e id; gercofmltd; bet cintgen 

 mctner greunte cin. 8. <5r jte^t bag tubteren alien anbern 23efd;afttgun 

 gen m. 9. 3d; stcfje bas cficn bent 9Jeiten, unb bag Stetten bent gabret? 

 or. 10. SBaljrenb ber @d;tad;t ritt bcr General bie 9teifi.cn entkna, tint 

 fctne ctbaten ansnfeuern. 11. Jtinbcrn tft eg gefunb, teenn fte nad; bcr 

 @d;ule fpajieren geb,en fonnen. 12. >tc JJtauber rtfjen fid; urn bie SSeutc, 

 tt>cld;e fte ben SSitrgcrn genommcn fatten. 



EXERCISE 190 (Vol. IV., page 68). 



1. The creditors have compounded with the debtor at fifty per cent. 

 2. The two merchants could not agree as to the price. 3. I have com- 

 pared the two together. 4. He has let the house to him for five years. 

 5. The young man has hired himself out as servant. 6. It is sur- 



