LESSONS IN LATIN. 



horizon of any place I* a piano imagined to touch the earth, 



i fiisliioii, u.t that plum, and to extend infinitely in erery 



iMll.'il ilio sensible horiaon, hut it in never 



!n except to the oyo of a swimmer when level with smooth 



The visit- : a plane at all, bnt a conical 



surface, of which the a] ^server's eye, as at A (Fig. .'!), 



owing to the great elevation of the ohnerver, a very largo 



of the earth's surface in in<-linle<l in tho cone, of which 



B A c is a perpendicular section. Hero tho visible horizon is a 



n D c, beyond which tho earth and tho heavens alike dip 



out of sight. The angle at which tho lines A B, A c dip below 



the sensible h<>ri ..! tho dip, and depends upon tho 



\ above tho surface. There is a simple practical 



rale for finding the dip of tho horizon for any given height 



above t of tho sea, based on Trigonometry. It is 



The square rout <>f tlf hrijht i-.r/irrssed im. feet is equal to the 'Up 



expressed in minutes. The higher the observer is placed, and 



tho greater tho dip, tho more distant becomes the visible 



D. Here is a rule for the distance : To the height of the 



eye in feet add half the height, and extract the square root of the 



sum ; the result will be the distance in statute miles. We have 



not space to give the simple proof of those rules, which will be 



found in " Galbraith and Haughton's Trigonometry." 



KEY TO EXERCISES IN PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. VI. 



EXERCISE 8. 

 1. 1C8-8 ft. | 2. M-12 ft. 



EXERCISE 9. 

 1. 2062'G5ft. | 2. 1992-4 ft. 



EXERCISE 10. 

 10 ft. | 2. 8-18-6 ft. 



EXERCISE 11. 

 1. 27f6 yds. | 2. 220 ft. | 3. 480 paces. 



EXERCISE 12. 



1. 701 -9 yds. 

 EXERCISE 13. 



1. Distance apart == 4403 yds. At the lighthouse, A bears 106 33', 

 and a 33 47' from the headland. At the headland, B bears 109 40', 

 and A 31 19' from tho lighthouse. 



EXERCISE 14. 



1. Height of window = 24-639 ft. ; height above ground = 49'187 ft. 



2. Height = 60-82 ft. ; height above sea = 445' 23 ft. 



LESSONS IN LATIN. LVIL 



IDIOM. 



IDIOM is a word of Greek origin, signifying what is one's own. 

 Hence idiom, as applied to a language, denotes that which is 

 peculiar to that language. 



In the study of languages we find that which is common and 

 that which is peculiar. The union and systematic arrangement 

 of what is common to languages gives rise to general grammar. 

 The selection and exhibition of the qualities which are peculiar 

 to any one language form what is called the idiom of that 

 language. On general grammar and on idiomatic usages is 

 founded the philosophy of language, which is commonly called 

 philology, whose business it is to discover and set forth the 

 universal principles of language considered as the chief instru- 

 ment of thought, considered also as a picture of the human 

 mind, and a guide in ethnology, or the science which treats of 

 the derivation of nations ; and considered, moreover, as an 

 auxiliary in general history. 



A full treatise on Latin idiom wonld require a volume. 

 Already have many idiomatical usages been pointed out and 

 explained. To a great extent tho laws of Latin syntax are an 

 exhibition of Latin idioms. Several of those laws, however, 

 have their counterparts in other tongues. These accordingly 

 belong to general grammar. Other usages are in strictness 

 peculiar to the Roman writers and their imitators. For instance, 

 khe ablative absolute is not found in other languages ; in Greek 

 the absolute case is the genitive; in English, the absolute case 

 (rarely used) is the objective. 



I subjoin a few idiomatic usages with accompanying explana- 

 tions, more for the sake of directing and encouraging tho 

 learner than to impart systematic instruction. With a few 

 remarks on the collocation of words, a very important branch 



M, I shall clone these loesons, and therewith terminate a 

 treatise, in which I have endeavoured to amplify the Latin 

 grammar and facilitate the acquisition of the Latin language ; 

 aiming not so much at completeness as usefulness; tor thane 

 who have diligently and intelligently accompanied ae in this 

 course of instruction, will find no difficulty in carrying forward 

 their studios with the aid of the ordinary """i^f While, 

 however, I do not profess to have exhausted the subject, 1 

 have, I believe, omitted nothing of oonsequenoe which ought to 

 enter into an elementary treatise designed to assist the un- 

 taught, the half -taught, and the self -taught to read the Latin 

 prOHO classics. 



When two nouns como together of which one denotes a class 

 and tho other some members of that class, the former in Latin 

 as well as in English is generally put in tho genitive case; a* 

 Militum quam plurimi interfecti cunt. 

 Of the soldiers very many were killed. 



In Latin, however, instances occur in which the former noon, 

 tho noun representing the class, is in the same case as the noun 

 representing tho members of the class ; as 

 Duos flliffl, alt/era occisa, altera capta eat. 

 The two daughters, the one was killed, the other taken. 

 The two daughters, in English, would be of tlie two daughters. 

 Here is another example : 



Mauri, impetratis omnibus rebus, tres Bomarn profecti. 

 The Moors, all things being obtained, three proceeded to Rome. 

 The Latin, admitting of greater compression of style than the 

 English, sometimes employs, as attributives, nouns or adjective-- 

 in cases where the sense in our language requires some explana- 

 tory word or words ; as 



C. Junius ffidem Salutis, quam consul voverat, censor locarit, iicMor 

 dedicavit. 



C. Junius, when censor, erected, and when dictator dedicated a chapel in 

 honour oj Salus, which he had vowed when he was consul. 



There are occasions when, in the Latin, the explanatory word 

 is given ; as 



Cicero cecinit ea ut vates (Corn. Nep.). 

 Cicero sang ffiese (Kings as a prophet. 



The word on which a genitive depends is sometimes omitted. 

 The omission takes place when the word can be easily supplied 

 from the context. Thus the governing word is left out in a 

 second clause or number of a sentence when it can readily be 

 taken from the previous one ; as 



Quum Athenieusiuin opes senoscere, contra Lacedaemoniorum cres- 

 cere viderent. 



When the resources of the Athenians seemed to irost* aicay, those of the 

 Lacedemonians, on the other hand, seemed to increase. 



The genitive Lacedcemoniorum depends on opes, understood 

 from the opes which appears in the former part of the sentence. 

 Observe, by the way, that the English requires the leading verb 

 seemed to be repeated ; whereas the Latin viderent governs both 

 senescere and crescere. This is an advantage which ensues from 

 throwing the verb to the end of the sentence. 



The Romans employed adjectives of nnraber, etc., instead of 

 adverbs ; as 



Ego primus hanc orntionem legi, I firs' read that oration ; 

 where, in the Latin, primus agrees with ego. Here you have 

 a case of agreement, that is, an adjective agreeing with a pro- 

 noun, which you should compare wii what has been said under 

 the second head of agreement (Vol. V., page 282). 



Considerable care is necessary to render these instances of 

 idiom correctly ; for example : 



H me primam oratiouem legi. 



The words literally rendered are, 7 read this first oration, 

 or 7 read this oration first. Neither of these renderings gives 

 the meaning, which is 



This is the fint oration which I read. 



The pronouns in Latin present many instances of idiom, of 

 which the more simple will be found already explained under 

 the proper heads. Some that may involve difficulty to the 

 student may be here noticed. 



The adjective, which in sense belongs to the antecedent, is 

 separated from it, and put after and in concord with the 

 relative ; for example : 



Consiliis pore, quo; nunc pnfcherrima Nautes dat. 



LIT. To the counsels yield, tchieh now very excellent Nauttt oioM. 



IDIOM. Obey the very exctUent counsels which Navtes note jn'wt. 



