324 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR 



Here, in construction, the adjective puldwrrima agrees with, 

 the relative qucs t whereas in sense it is to be taken as if in 

 concord with the antecedent consiliis. In rendering such 

 passages, the beginner will do well to alter the arrangement 

 BO as to make it correspond with the sense before he begins 

 to construe, thus : 



Consiliis pulcherrimis pare, quee nunc Nautes dat. 



Tha Romans, iond of the relative, frequently use it when, 

 fa. English, we employ a demonstrative pronoun ; and being 

 also inclined to put together, for the sake of broad contrast, 

 two related words, they in questions place a relative and an 

 interrogative side by side ; as 



Quo quid potest esse turpius ? 

 What can be more base than that t 



When the relative refers to a fact or a clause of a sentence, 

 it frequently takes before it the demonstrative pronoun, and 

 thus arises the form id quod ; as 



Num me fefeilit res tanta, et, id quod magia est admirandum, dies ? 

 Tort do not think, do you ? that so important a fact, and, what would be more 

 wonderful, the day escaped my notice f 



The pronoun is, ea, id, is used in the sense of our phrases 

 and that, and that too ; for example : 



Unam rem explicabo, eamque maximam. 

 One thing I will explain, and that not tht least. 



The pronoun is, or hie, is often not found in Latin in forms 

 of speech where the English usage would lead you to expect it ; 

 as 



Xerxes proposuit prsemium qui invenisset novam voluptatem. 

 Xerxes offered a reward to him who should discover a new pleasure. 



Ei (to him) would be looked for before qui; its absence is 

 idiomatic. 



When the demonstrative is employed, it may stand, not, as 

 in English, before, but after the relative ; as 



Tarquinius non novam potestatem nactus, sed quam habebat, ea, usus 

 est injuste. 



Tarquin obtained not neic pouw, but he used the power he had unjustly. 



Important idiomatic usages are connected with the Latin 

 participle. That of the ablative absolute has been sufficiently 

 spoken of. Another idiom or two may here be noticed. 



The Latin has no participle perfect active, corresponding to 

 our having read ; the meaning may be given by a verb and a 

 conjunction, as, for example, Quum epistolam legisset, abiit 

 Cicero (Cicero, having read the letter, departed). The past 

 participle of deponent verbs has an active signification ; as 

 Caesar milites Jiorlalus castra movit. 

 Ccesar, having exhorted his soldiers, moved his camp. 



The passive participle in dus agrees with the noun or pro- 

 noun with which it is connected ; for example 

 Legend! aunt libri, books are to b read. 

 Causa legend! libri, for the sake of reading a book. 

 Ad legendum librum, to read a book. 

 In legendo libro, in reading A book. 

 Ad legendos libros, to read books. 

 In legendis libris, tn reading books. 



After the verbs curare, dare, sumere, relinquere, etc., this 

 participle is common in a usage which requires attention ; for 

 example 



Haac domum aedificandam mihi couduxi ; 



T have contracted to build this house. 



Hanc domum tediflcandam tibi looavi ; 



J have let tp ',hee the building of this house. 



The present participle active is used after a verb instead of 

 101 infinitive, when it is intended to show that the act is at the 

 moment proceeding ; as 



Infinitive. Te ridere vidi, 1 saw I Pres. Part. Active. Te ridenfem 

 lliee laugh. | vidi, I saw tTiee laughing. 



The force of the participle in rus cannot be given in English 

 without a circumlocution ; for example : 

 Tibarius frajectwrus Ehenum commeatum prsemisit. 

 Tiberius, when on tht point of passing the Rhine, sent before him all his 



t:,f plies. 



The participle perfect passive ie used after habeo, teneo, 

 possideo, etc., to give the idea of an act so past as to have 

 become a settled condition ; as 



Blvsd exploratum hibeto, nihil fieri posse sine causa. 



Account this a settled point, that nothing can take place withori a cause. 



In sentences constructed in English with two independent 

 verbs, the Latins prefer employing one verb and the passive 

 participle ; for example : 



Diouysius Syracusis expulsua Corinthum se contulit, 

 Dionysius ioas expelled from Syracuse and went to Corinth; 

 or thus, 



When Diouysius ioas expelled from Syracuse he went to Corinth. 



The participles in Latin have sometimes a causal form, which 

 can be fully given in English only by the aid of a conjunction; 

 as in this example : 



Nihil affirmo dubitans et mihi ipse diffidens. 



I assert nothing, because I doubt and because I distrust myself. 



The passive participle in us is sometimes used with a noun 

 in such a way as to require to be put into English by a noun ; 

 the compound phrase demands two nouns in a state of regimen ; 

 thus, occisus Caesar (literally, Ccesar being slain), must be 

 rendered, the slaying of Ccesar ; as 



Occisus dictator Caesar aliis pessimum, aliis pulcherrimnm f acinus 

 videbatur, 



The slaying of Ccesar, tht dictator, appeared to some a very shameful, 

 to others a very noble deed. 



Hence arise the phrases, post Christum natum; literally, 

 after Christ born ; that is, since the birth of Christ ; ab urbe 

 condita, from the foundation of the city (of Rome). 



POLITICAL ECONOMY. IV. 



BY J. E. THOROLD ROGERS, M.A. 

 INTEREST AND PROFITS. 



I HAVE stated in a previous lesson that the rudest and meet 

 rudimentary human society is possessed of some wealth. A 

 man, however savage his condition may be, must have the 

 means by which he can get his livelihood the instruments, 

 say, of the chase ; he must have also some stock of food by 

 him, by which he can maintain himself during the time in which 

 he is engaged in getting more food ; and, thirdly, he must be 

 able to get so much by his implements, and by the food which 

 supports him, as to be able to support those who depend on 

 him for their subsistence, and who will hereafter perpetuate the 

 vigour which he now possesses for his own needs, and on behalf 

 of those for whom he labours. In other words, he must possess 

 both of these forms of capital on which economists have written 

 and said so much ; and he must invest a portion of his earnings 

 in the form by which labour can be permanently supplied. 

 Now the weapons of a savage, the dried meat which he carries 

 with him when he hunts, and the food which he has spared 

 from his own sustenance in order to support his children, differ 

 only in quantity and in quality from those accumulations of 

 wealth which are, in any civilised community, devoted to what 

 is called productive labour. 



And here I may observe, that when economists talk about 

 productive labour or expenditure, they mean that kind of labour 

 or art which, either directly or indirectly, tends towards en- 

 larging the material wealth of society. A man who increases 

 by his labour the stock of food on which mankind can subsist, 

 adds, obviously and directly, to the resources by which society 

 is sustained. Another, who devotes his industry to the manu- 

 facture of articles necessary for the convenience and comfort 

 of his fellow-men, is similarly adding to their material well- 

 doing. A third, who busies himself in constructing those 

 machines by which human labour is economised or lightened, is 

 adding also to the wealth of man. Nor are those less actively 

 engaged in production who are educating human intelligence, 

 prolonging human life, cr adding to that security which is a 

 condition necessarily antecedent to any accumulation of wealth 

 whatsoever. Unless men are subserving some vicious pro- 

 pensity, or some indulgence which neither directly or indirectly 

 aids in sustaining, increasing, or prolonging the industrial ener- 

 gies of mankind, it is not easy to assert that their labour is 

 intrinsically unproductive, or barren of all material results. 

 Even those who merely minister to amusement, may play an 

 important part in the economy of human industry, for recrea- 

 tion may so refresh the person who can take it, as to send him 

 back to his work with redoubled energy and largely increased 

 effectiveness. 



Here, too. I may observe by the way, that even if part'of tho 



