LESSONS IN OR 



fsjpMtents tho expression its the free act of tbo mil 



reference to tho province of reality. > vo with 



> a sentence subordinate to another, which in hypo- 



thetical, and which ariaea from tho nature of tho cane ; conuc- 



i|iir:n ly th c(.nc.-|.(i -in tippean to onaue from certain prevailing 



oiiriiiiiHtanoes. Bot the oonooption assumes tho form of an 



il reality, r instances ooourred, 



i iio consequent result would take place. Instances of 



usages are tho following! 



t. Whni t<> a proposition which in narrative Beta forth an 

 i .: >a or statement i ..ming cauo thereof is snb- 



i.H used without av ; OH, airt- 



tptvayro aurtp, 6rt aSuvara cttyiaiii tirf troitlv a irpoKa\tirai avfv 

 \Vi]i'a.uav irntSfs yap cai yvvaiKts trap' txetvots tirjaav, they 

 answered him that it was impossible for them to do whtit In' 

 asks for without the Add'ni'iim, fur the children and women 

 were in tlwir hands. 



-. 1 imitating views and determinations, if they intimate only 



an inclination in the mind of the speaker, are expressed by the 



. o without ai> ; if, however, it in intended to intimate 



that those viewa and detcra? '.nations may, on a certain event 



taking place, prove realities, then the optative with av is em- 



; I't-r example (opt. without av), ptla Otos y' tQt\wv /ecu 



TTjAotftp avopa <raco<rai, easily, I think, can a god, if willing, even 



c save a man; (opt. with av), OVK av fyia TOUT a 



<j>7)'rai/iii, / could not, I think, affirm tliesc things. 



In tho refined tone of Attic conversation the optative with av 

 was a polite form of expression, by which convictions and 

 requests were set forth in a hesitating or qualified manner ; as, 

 apa av firj trparrttv ra Stovra, this is the time, I would submit, 

 to do one':- dntij ; \fyois av a 5i \tytiv, be so good as to say 

 what ought to be aid. 



Tho optative without av may denote repetition ; as, ti ns 

 2,iukpaTit Ktpi rov avrt\tyot, an ryv viroOffftv fitountyayev av iravra 

 TOV \oyov, as often as any one opposed Socrates on any point, 

 he would bring back tho conversation to the assumed principle. 



ENLARGEMENT OP SIMPLE SENTENCES. 



We have considered simple sentences viewed in their Greek 

 construction, and now pass on to consider compound sentences. 

 In order to do so with effect, we must attend to tho enlarge- 

 ment of simple propositions. 



The external enlargement of tho subject consists in this, that 

 the affirmation made in tho predicate is equally referred to 

 several different objects, so that there are several subjects be- 

 longing to one predicate. Now several subjects to which one 

 predicate is assigned may bo viewed as a series of connected 

 individual persons or things, or they may be viewed as form- 

 ing a whole, if these subjects form a series, they are united 

 together copulatively by teat, Tt Kai, re re, KCU icat, or dis- 

 junctively by i). In English tho copulative and tho disjunctive 

 are ordinarily placed only before tho last noun of tho series ; in 

 Greek they are placed between every two of the series. If the 

 is viewed as a whole, the ono is added to the other by 

 means of aw, fitra, a/ua. 



We have seen that tho subject must agree with the predicate. 

 This general rule may be expanded. 



The predicate may agree vrith the several nouns in the plural 

 or dual number, on the ground that in sense the several nouns 

 are comprehended in tho affirmation made in the predicate ; or 

 tho predicate may grammatically agree with one of tho nouns, 

 with which in sense it is more intimately connected than with 

 any other or all tho others ; that intimate connection may arise 

 from proximity. In the former case the predicate will be in 

 tho plural, in the latter cose it will bo either in tho singular or 

 the plural according to the number of tho noun with which it is 

 immediately connected. When the predicate agrees with only 

 cite noun, it may be understood to apply to tho others through 

 that ono noun or subject. 



In reference to several subjects which signify things without 

 life or conditions of things, the Greeks commonly put the adjec- 

 tive predicate in tho neuter plural. In reference to masculine 

 ".i id feminine subjects, tho common adjective predicate or attri- 

 bute is usually in the masculine gender. 



In the union of several grammatically different subjects, the 

 vorb either agrees with tho nearest or is in the plural ; if ono of 

 the subjects is in the first person, the verb is in tho first person. 



Subjects connected disjunctively, as well as conjunctively, 



take a plural verb in Greek. Tbu OMff U eontnury to what u 

 common in KuglUh. Alao a noon singular having a plural 

 a preposition, and so funning a compound 

 abject, takes the verb in the plural in the Greek. 



a enlargement of the subject eonsfefei in this, that 

 !<uto U aHociated with it. Uy HI attribute i* meant 

 any addition made to a ubatantire, which serves to indi. 

 vidnaliHO tho substantive that in, to describe it* 

 nature, and to dmtinguirth it from other of the 

 Tho attribute appear* tut blended with the subject by ineaiui of 

 an adjective, as KoArj yvrq (a fair woman), or by mean* of a 

 genitive, or a proportion with its case, aa 01*01 tarpot, father t 

 house } OIKOI tv Ttj iroA, house in the city. 



The attribute may also be set forth aa something subjoined 

 in the way of explanation ; as o<cor, 17 rur avOpcrruv (torn, hou* . 

 the dwelling-place of men. This application of the attribute in 

 specifically called apina>ition. 



Attributes may bo assigned to nouns not merely as subject*, 

 but also as objects. 



In Greek frequently nouns may perform the office of attri- 

 butives. Thus we may employ these nncoaleticing combinations 

 avi)p irpcv&vTTis, an old man ; avyp vtavtat, a young man 

 (literally, a youth-man). 



Adverbs and adverbial phrases may also be connected with a 

 noun as its attribute when the noun has the article ; as, 77 art. 

 iroAis, the uppe-f (lying inland) city ; oi irtAes KM/MI, the neigh- 

 bouring towns ; o ufrav xpovos, the interval, the meanwhile. 



The attributive adjective agrees with the subject to which it 

 belongs, in the same way as the predicate agrees with its sub- 

 ject, following the subject in gender, number, and case ; as, 

 ffotpot amjp, a wise man; yvvrj KO\IJ, a fair woman; ra tyijAo 

 oprj, the lofty mountains; ry t^j; Ouyarpt, to my daughter. 



If several adjective attributes are joined with a noun they 

 are either connected together by means of KO.I, -rt KCU, etc., or 

 they stand without a copula. Adjectives expressive of quality 

 are generally united by KOI, etc. ; as, vta not airaAi) <raf(, young 

 and tender flesh ; ayaOiav KCU iraXatwp vo^fdtruv tupr/para, the 

 discoveries of good and ancient lawgivers. 



The copula may be omitted, however, if one of tho adjectives 

 blends with the noun so as to form with it a compound idea ; as 

 fo-xorrj Kami TVXTI (the extreme of bad luck), where KOJMJ rvjfr, 

 go together as if they were ono word ; so ptya irKotov airacywyor, 

 a large corn-vessel. Tho copulative KCU is sometimes omitted 

 also for tho sake of oratorical effect. 



If a preposition is employed with the chief word, it is com- 

 monly not repeated with the subordinate one. 



Special notice must be given to apposition with possessive 

 pronouns, and adjectives which indicate that something belongs 

 to an object. In these instances the appended words are in the 

 genitive, the case being taken from the genitive force of the 

 word which represents possession ; for example, Siopwafot/cn re 

 c/ia TOU Ka.KaSattJ.ovos (they plunder my goods, wretched man thai 

 I am), where tho genitive rou KcucoScu/xoi'os is borrowed from 

 the genitive involved in c/ta, and the phrase is equivalent to 

 SiapTrafautrt ra TOV KO.KOOO.IU.OVOS ffiou irpayfiara, they plunder the 

 goods of me, a wretched man. In rendering the idiom into 

 English, some latitude must be token, in order to make the 

 sense clear. 



Another kind of apposition is that in which the parts of a 

 whole are appended to the whole in the same case as the whole 

 itself has ; for example, At/iron oi utv x/n;aTcu turiv, cu 5 KOKCU, 

 (of) griefs some are useful, others bad. 



In English the whole is put in the objective, but in Greek 

 the whole stands in the same case as tho parts. We have a 

 somewhat similar construction in English ; for example, Tin: 

 ri'.ORius returned BACH to his own home. 



To this, which is called the partitive apjwsition, belongs the 

 erx^iua KoB' &\ov icat ntpos that is, the construction which put 

 the part and the whole in the same case a construction which 

 strictly is peculiar to the poets ; thus Homer says, TOV ptv pa 

 r\avxos (TTTjtioj fitirov oinafff Sovpt, HIM Glaucus, (in) THE 

 CENTRE OF HIS BOSOM, wounded with a spear ; where 

 pfffov, tho part, is in apposition with TOP, the whole ; 

 fitffov thus defines the exact place in which the man wae 

 wounded. 



Sometimes the distributive apposition is connected with this 

 partitive apposition ; as, Tpwas J rpoftot euros fanAv0* yva 

 , dreadj'ul fear saved the Trojans in each one's knees. 



