342 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



Middle Ages, was correspondingly larger. Before the Baltic was 

 known to other nations as a navigable sea, and as a highway to 

 Eussia, Sweden had possessed herself of the shores of Courland 

 and Esthonia, and planted there the germ of a line of Eussian 

 kings. In the ninth century, Lake Malar was the site of so 

 prosperous a trade, that Biorko, one of its island cities, could 

 equip an army of 14,000 burghers, ready for the field, and easily 

 able to contribute 100 silver marks a-piece towards the war. 

 The Dutch traded with this city, bringing linen, cloth, and wine. 

 Biorko was devastated by St. Olaf in 1008, but such was its 

 extent and solidity that its ruins are still to be found. A 

 similar history attaches to Vineta, a city in the island of 

 Usedom, on the coast of Pomerania. Wisby, in Gothland, grew 

 and nourished by the enterprise of merchants driven from 

 Vineta, and for two hundred years was the chief emporium of 

 the north. It was well placed on an island possessing good 

 harbours, a soil productive of fruits and vegetables, a genial 

 climate, and valuable resources for traffic in corn, lime, timber, 

 pitch, and other forest products. Wisby was a member of the 

 Hanseatic League, and during that connection acquired such 

 commercial greatness, that the Maritime Law of Wisby was 

 accepted by most of the commercial nations of the North. The 

 city was built of stone, and the houses were often strengthened 

 with iron doors and adorned with gilded windows. There were 

 sixteen churches and five monasteries, and within the walls of 

 the town dwelt 12.000 burgesses, while the labouring classes, 

 contrary to modern custom, dwelt in the suburbs. Merchants 

 took personally an active part in foreign trade, making voyages 

 in their own vessels, in which, towards the end of the eleventh 

 jentury, they had already ventured as far as Egypt and the 

 Levant. Traders from all the Baltic provinces, and merchants 

 jfrom more distant parts, even from Spain and Greece, were so 

 numerous, that special streets, with warehouses and shops, were 

 apportioned to the representatives of the different nations. 

 With the decline of the Hanseatic League, Wisby decayed. 

 Though fallen in magnificence, and containing only 4,000 in- 

 habitants, it is still the most remarkable place in the north of 

 Europe, covering an extent of ground capable of housing 40,000 

 or 50,000 people. There are twelve churches remaining, the 

 beautiful Gothic ruins of which cause them to be much visited 

 by antiquarians. In 1368 the King of Sweden gave the citizens 

 of Amsterdam a district in the island of Schonen (i.e., the ex- 

 treme south of the Swedish peninsula), in order to facilitate 

 direct traffic between the Netherlander and his own subjects. 

 The Swedes received salted fish, woven fabrics, wines, Dutch 

 salt, drugs and spices, in exchange for timber, iron, copper, 

 tar, skins, and tallow. To note one exchange, indicative of 

 the different resources of two neighbouring states, the Swedes 

 gave in this traffic six quintals of iron for a barrel of herrings. 



NORWAY. The industry and commerce of Norway have always 

 been centered in Bergen, the ancient capital, which from its con- 

 venient position for carrying on the prolific fisheries of the 

 coast, was enlarged and regularly laid out by Olaf III. in 1070 

 A treaty of commerce between Bergen and England was signed 

 in 1217, and is interesting as the first record we possess of Eng 

 lish foreign trade. Bergen, in exchange for English goods, gav< 

 dried and salt fish, fish oils, tallow, and skins. The commerce 

 of Bergen, however, attained no importance until the city joined 

 the Hanseatic League, of which it formed one of the four chie 

 emporiums. It then rose to opulence and grandeur, was adornec 

 with thirty churches and monasteries, and many fine public build 

 ings. Its commerce from that period belongs to the history of the 

 Hanse Towns. 



DENMARK. The facilities enjoyed by Denmark for commerc 

 are very great. It possesses the key to the Baltic, and is, besides 

 favourably situated for intercourse with all the maritime state 

 of Europe. It was the first of the Scandinavian kingdoms t( 

 engage in foreign trade. Roeskild, on the island of Zealand 

 its ancient capital, founded as early as tha fourth century, wa 

 in the Middle Ages already a large town, containing 100,00 

 inhabitants and twenty-seven churches, and for more than 

 thousand years it continued to be the abode of royalty. Th 

 presence of the court encouraged commerce, and till 1440, whe: 

 the capital was removed to Copenhagen, scarcely another Danis 

 town is mentioned in connection with trade. In the year 115 

 a semi-religious fraternity of mercantile warriors was foundec 

 whose duty it was to proselytise as well as to trade. Th 

 "Eoeskild Warriors," as they were called, were particular!} 



njoined to destroy the Wends of the east coast of the Baltic,, 

 rhom they hated both as heathens and as rivals in trade. The 

 ther towns of Denmark noted in the Middle Ages for their 

 rade were Aalborg, in the north of Jutland, which traded iu 

 "rain and herrings ; Aarhaus, in East Jutland ; and Elsineur 01 

 llsinore, formerly the toll-gate of the Sound. 



LESSONS IN GERMAN. LXXVI. 



148. RULE. 



THE present participle, like an attributive adjective, agrees 

 with its noun in gender, number, and case ; and may also 

 govern the same case as the verb whence it is derived ; as, bet 

 adjcnte grilling, the smiling spring ; tic atte8 bele&enbe unite, the 

 all-animating sun, i.e., the sun that animates all. 



OBSERVATIONS. (1.) This participle is seldom, if ever, other- 

 wise employed with a noun than in an attributive sense. Itti 

 jredicative use is found almost altogether in those words that 

 lave so far lost character as participles as to be commonly re- 

 cognised only as adjectives ; as, rctjenb, charming ; frftnfcnb, morti- 

 ying ; brttcf cut, oppressive ; fliejicnb, flowing ; etc. Such combi- 

 nations, therefore, as I am reading, we are walking, etc., so 

 sommon in English, are wholly inadmissible in German. 



(2.) The present participle, in connection with the article, is 

 often used substantively, the noun being understood ; as, bee 

 Skfenbe, the reader (literally, the [one] reading); bie @terbenbe, the 

 dying (female). 



(3.) This participle, however, cannot in German, as in Eng. 

 lish, be, by means of an article, turned into an abstract verbal 

 noun. But in order properly to render such phrases as the 

 reading, the writing, into German, we must use the present of 

 the infinitive ; thus, baS Cefcn, baS ctyveiben. 



(4.) The present participle, as stated in the Eule, may govern 

 the case of its own verb ; but it must be noted that the word so 

 governed always precedes the participle ; as, bag unS ottfolgenbt 

 cfcf)icf, the MS pursuing fate, i.e., the fate that pursues us. In 

 some instances the words are actually united, forming com- 

 pounds ; as, efjrUrb.enb, honour-lov^g, that is, ambitious. 



(5.) The present participle is sometimes used with the power 

 of an adverb ; that is, to express some circumstance of manner 

 or condition ; thus, lueinenb fpracf; er ju mir, weeping (that is, weep- 



inaly) he spoke to me. 



149.-BULE. 



The preterite participle is not only used in the formation of 

 the compound tenses, but may also be construed with nouns, 

 like adjectives ; as, etn geliebtc tfiitb, a beloved child. 



OBSERVATIONS. (1.) This participle, in its character as an 

 adjective, is far more frequently employed in German than ir 

 English. Indeed, many preterites in German, having lost 

 character as participles, are now used exclusively as adjectives. 



(2 ) The preterite, like the present participle, is sometimes 

 used in an adverbial manner; thus, ba u$ ift serleven gegangen, 

 the book is lost (literally, gone lost). 



(3.) This is especially the case with certain participlei 

 ployed with the verb fommen ; as, roetnenb fpraty er jit mir, weeping 

 (i.e., weepingly), he spoke to me ; er fommt gerittett, he cornea 

 ridden, that is, riding on horseback. 



(4.) Kindred to this is its use, when connected - 

 to express the condition or state of the subject ; as, jc&t fterb' 

 beru^igt, now I die content ; in feme Sugenb geptlt, trofct cr bet er 

 leumbung, wrapped in his virtue, he defies calumny. 



(5 ) The preterite participle, usually in connection with tl 

 accusative, is in some phrases employed absolutely; as, bie Sluge* 

 gen J&tmmet geri^tet, his eyes being directed towards heaven ; be 

 ewtnn abgerecbnct, the profit being deducted. 



(6.) This participle is sometimes elliptically employed 

 imperative. (See 145. 3.) 



150. EULE. 



The future participle is used when the subject is to be repre- 

 sented as a thing that must or ought to take place ; as, etne ju 

 lobenbe Sljat, a deed to be (i.e., that ought to be) praised. _ 



OBSERVATIONS. What is called the future participle 

 German is produced by placing jit before the present participle, 

 as above. It can be formed from transitive verbs only, and i 

 always to be taken in a passive sense. It is chiefly to be found 

 in the case of compound verbs ; thus, $$}ue$tnter Serr, highly* 

 to-be-honoured, i.e., honourable Sir. (See Section XLI.) 



