LESSONS IN GERM 



181. THE ADVEBB8. 

 RULE. Adverbs qualify vorbt), participles, adjectives, and 



ulvorbs ; as, tt b,at itn lea,eii|Uu& ottrei|H..fi Uluuult, ho h;n 

 treated tho subject admirably. 



. i-s iu the absolute form 



' ;.Tin:i:i i'ii'|>iny<!<l UH advoros. (See 102. 3.) For re- 

 marks on the potation <>f adverbs in .sentences, see the sootion 

 on the arrangement of words ( 158). 



ir,_>. Till-: PREPOSITIONS. 



i-:. The prepositions anftatt, aujierb.ilb, lieefeiM, etc. (see the 

 List, 10'J), are construed with the genitive. 



OBBEBVATIONH. (1.) When the same preposition governs, 

 several nouns in the same construction, it is put before the first 

 only ; as, ict? bin von meincr einutb., meinem 4>aterlante, uni mcinen 

 Sreunten getrennt, from my home, my country, and my friends, am 



For the right use and position of some of the proposi- 

 tions much attention ia required. See the observations on those 

 construed with the genitive ( 110). 



153. RULE. 



The prepositions au-J, aujicr, bet, etc. (see List, 111), arc con- 

 strued with the dative. (See 06s., 112.) 



154. RTTLE. 



The prepositions turcty, fur, gegen, etc. (see List, 113), are 

 construed with the accusative. (See 06s., 114.) 



155. RULE. 



The prepositions on, auf, fyinter, etc. (see List, 115), govern 

 the dative or accusative ; the accusative, when motion or ten- 

 dency towards is signified, but in the other situations tho dative. 

 (See 06s., 116.) 



156.-THE CONJUNCTIONS. 



Conjunctions connect words ana sentences in construction, 

 and show their mutual relation and dependence ; as, Sofmnn u:ic 

 'JBtlbdm gefyen jut >Scb. u(e, John and William are going to school ; 

 id> f.ib ct, tafyer toeij? td> tt, I saw it, therefore I know it ; er ift 

 alter als icfc, he is older than I. 



OBSERVATIONS. (1.) Under the general name of conjunc- 

 tions in this rule must be included all words performing the 

 office of conjunctions, whether properly such or not. Of these 

 connective words three classes are to be distinguished: 1. Those 

 that do not affect the order of the words of a sentence in which 

 they occur ( 160. 8) ; 2. Those that always remove the copula 

 to the end of the sentence ( 160. 7) ; 3, and finally, those that 

 do or do not remove the copula to the end, according as they 

 stand before or after the subject ( 160. 8). 



(2.) The true force and use of the conjunctions is best learned 

 from examples ; of which see a large collection in Sect. XCIX. 



The following are the more common correlatives ; as 



Gfmroetcr, either ; oter, or. 

 SBcter, neither ; n6, nor. 

 aBcnn, if ; ft, so, or then. 

 Da, when ; fo, then. 

 3e, the ; je, the. 

 3e, the ; tefto, the. 

 obalb, as soon ; at6, as. 



on>cb,t, as well ; alt, as. 

 SBte, as ; fo, so. 

 o, so ; fe, so. 

 SJtcbt, not ; fontern, but. 

 JRufot aUcin, not only ; fonbern, but. 

 Jlicb, t nur, not only ; foment aucfy, 

 but also. 



..-THE INTERJECTIONS. 



RULE. Interjections have no dependent construction. 



OBSERVATIONS. Interjections stand generally before the 

 nominative or tho vocative ; as, O ! tfjeuerfter Cater ! But some- 

 times the genitive, and sometimes tho dative, is preceded by an 

 interjection ; as, O, tec Sreute ! oh, the joy ! SBeb. nut ! woe to me ! 



158. -COLLOCATIONS OP WORDS. 



(1.) In the arrangement of words in sentences, tho German 

 differs widely from the English. Many differences of colloca- 

 tion, accordingly, have already been noted and explained in 

 various other parts of this work. Bat as every word and mem- 

 ber of a sentence in German takes its position according to a 

 definite law of arrangement, and cannot, without great offence 

 against euphony, bo thrown out of its proper place, we subjoin 

 here some general instructions on this topic. 



(2.) The essential parts of every sentence, as already re- 

 marked ( 119), are the subject and tho predicate. That which 



i* used (properly some part of the verb of existence, f<ti) to 

 eouplo the imbjix* and the pr*iic^.boaUed the ***<. Now, 

 arranging thaM throe part* in their natural order, the subject 

 will como first, tho copula next, the predicate but ; thos 



SUBJECT. COPULA. PMCDICAXB. 



Dal Sfert IMC $:. 



HM bam WM strong. 



(3.) When, an in tho case of simple tenses, the copal* mod the 

 are both contained in a angle word, tht word HoMt 

 tho place of tho copula. For example : 



SUBJECT. COPULA. PWEDICATX. 



Die ilMume blubt. 



The flower blooms. 



(4.) In the case of compound tenses, however, the auxiliary 

 takes the place of tho copula ; which place in alto held by the 

 auxiliaries of mood ( 74), the place of the predicate M*t 

 occupied by the infinitive or participle. For example : 



SUBJECT. COPULA. PKKDICATE. 



3$ fyd* flrtrfnt. 



I have read. 



&r farm f^rtttai. 



He can write. 



(5.) When any verb which assumes the place of the copula 

 is employed in the compound form, the participle or infinitive 

 belonging to it stands o.fter tho proper predicate ; sa 



SUBJECT. COPULA. PREDICATE. 



<5r ift tbcri*t gemrfen. 



He has foohVh been. 



toirt gtlrfen bafcm. 

 He will read have. 



(6.) The object of a sentence comes between the copula and 

 the predicate ,- and if there be two objects, that of the person 

 precedes that of the thing. For example : 



SUBJECT. COPULA. FIRST OBJECT. 8ECOHD OBJECT. PREDICATE. 



Sr bat einen Ctief gdftrkfca 



3<$ 6abc tcm JJnabcn tin 33u$ geaebcn. 



Gr ^at ten 3obn etncr 3unte to'd-uliigt. 



(7.) Should both objects, however, be persons, the accusative 

 comes first ; c-xcept the oblique cases of the personal pronouns 

 (id), fcu, er, fit, ei, nnr, tfyr, fie), which always take precedence; as 



SUBJKCT. COPULA. FIRST OBJECT. SECOSD OBJECT. PREDICATE. 



3cf> |abe ttinen 2obn nrnium grtunte empfobleiL 



<5r nirfc ibm feine Xod'ttr ge6<n. 



(8.) When two personal pronouns form the objects of a sen- 

 tence, the accusative precedes the dative and the genitive ; ae 



SUBJECT. COPULA. FIRST OBJECT. 8ECOVP OBJECT. PREDICATE. 



2te baben tt nit ge,je6(B. 



2Bic ncbmeit iinS ftinec an. 



(9.) Adverbs of degree and manner, or nouns governed by 

 propositions, and serving in the place of adverbs, when they 

 refer exclusively to the verb, stand immediately after the 

 object. For example : 



SUBJECT. COPULA. OBJECT. ADVERB. PREDICATE 



(Jr bat fcintit (Veger.ftant sortrcfflt* btbaittttt. 



(>T bat fca elfc in it grcuten aua.eaebc*. 



(10.) Adverbs of time, and phrases used instead of adverbs of 

 time, commonly come before the object and before adverbs at 

 place. For example : 



SUBJECT. COPULA. ADVERB. OBJECT. PREDICATE. 



3$ $abe geftern einen Srief gri*rietxu. 



Gft ift vcr ttei Xageit in Sonton anaefomnai. 



(11.) Adverbs of place, and nouns with prepositions, used M 

 such, generally come immediately before the predicate ; as 



SUBJECT. COPULA. OBJECT. ADVERB. PREDICATE, 



,.1' ircrtc mrinen 2o5n no$ $ari( fc^Wen. 



(12.) Nouns and pronouns, with tho prepositions appropriate 

 to tho verb employed in the sentence, generally come imme- 

 diately before the predicate. For example : 



3$ babe niemal* uber tiefen @egen|lanb mit ibm gefpnx^en. 

 When, however, tho preposition with its noun is merely used 

 to denote tho cause or purpose, etc., of what is expressed by the 

 verb, it stands before tho object For example : 

 ;ranfen geftern au TOangel an Sier SBanet. 

 34 funnte ibm vcr Breuten ftine ?lntwcrt gebea. 



