LESSONS IN ENGLISH. 





COMPOUND 8KNTENCE8 OF TWO MEMBERS. 



will perish (2) who love* unrighteousness. 

 '1 'ho lark Bang bit matins and sank iuto lux uest. 



-.t Hontence is equivalent to these two proposition* : 



1. Some one will perish. 



2. Tlio lover of unrighteousness will perUh. 



The Moond sentence is equivalent to these two statements : 



1. The lark sang hi* matins. 



2. Tho lark sank into his nest. 



COMPOUND SENTENCES OF THREE MEMBERS. 



12 3 



'When tho Quoon arrived, the fleet had weighed anchor and sailed. 



1. The Queen arrived. 



2. Before then the fleet had weighed anchor. 



3. Before then the fleet had sailed. 



Thus what in tho compound sentence stands as three members, 

 becomes in the analysis throe individual sentences. 



easy to see that tho members may.be increased almost 

 at pleasure : 



The sick and all but dying man drinks water and revives. 

 Compound sentences have members of two kinds, the principal 

 and the accessary. The principal member is that which enun- 

 ciates the leading thought, the accessary member is that which 

 enunciates the subordinate thought : 



PRINCIPAL MEM HER. ACCESSARY MEMBER. 



The man drinks (and) is refreshed. 



The accessary member (or members) may be of two kinds, 

 namely, interposed or appended. An accessary member is in- 

 terposed when it appears in the body of a sentence, being intro- 

 duced by a relative pronoun, a relative adverb, or a conjunc- 

 tion ; ibr example 

 PRINCIPAL. 



Eel. Prow. .- The man 

 Bl. Adv. : The man 

 Conjunc. . The man 



ACCESSARY INTERPOSED. 



who drinks 



when he drinks 



if he drinks 



PRINCIPAL, 

 is refreshed, 

 is refreshed, 

 is refreshed. 



Appended members are added by means of conjunctions, 

 adverbs, and pronouns : 



PRINCIPAL. 



Conjunc. : The man drinks 

 Adverb : The man is refreshed 



ACCESSARY APPENDED. 



and is refreshed. 

 u-hciv he drinks. 



The principal member may be expanded ; as 



The man drinks ) , . . , , 



The man eats and drinks } and w **** 



The interposed accessary member may also be expanded ; as 

 The man | w j ^[^ drinka } is refreshed. 



The appended member, too, may be expanded ; as 



,, , . , , ,, ( is refreshed. 



The man drinks (and) < . , . ., . 



' ( is refreshed and strengthened. 



Sentences may be further divided into the direct and the in- 

 verted. A sentence is direct when the principal member pre- 

 cedes tho accessary ; as 



PRINCIPAL. 

 The man drinks 



(and) 



ACCESSARY. 



is refreshed. 



A sentence is inverted when tho accessary sentence precedes 

 the principal : 



ACCESSARY. PRINCIPAL. 



(if he drinks. 



The man is refreshed J when he drinks, 

 {should he drink. 



Relative pronouns are such pronouns as relate to some pre- 

 ceding noun, called the antecedent ; that is, the foregoing word ; 

 for example 



ANTECEDENT. RELATIVE. PREDICATE. 



Subject : The man who drinks water is wise. 



Object : The men whom he met he struck. 



The relative must agree with its antecedent in person, gondor, 

 and number ; as 



ANTECEDENT". RELATIVE. PREDICATE. 



1. I who read. 



2. Ho who reflects. 



In the first of these instances, who is of the first person, 

 because I is of the first person ; who is of the singular number, 

 because I is of the singular number. The effect of the rela- 



tive on the verb is more clearly seen in the 



where an is added to the verb, which aooordinflj appear* ae 



rcflectt. 



Ac a subject for exemplifying; the doctrine* slid down fa 

 regard to the structure of sentence*. I ball take a PMMM 

 from Daniel Daf oe, a writer of idiomatic English t 



COMPOUND SENTENCE. 



" Oxford makes by much tha best outward appearance of any city I 

 have seen, being risible for several miles round on all sides la a most 

 delightful plain ; and adorned with the steeples of the seven! oollegM 

 and churches, which make a glorious show." 



Here I must premise that the form " the best outward appear* 

 anoc of any city," etc., is incorrect, and should have been "the 

 best outward appearance of all the cities I," etc. This compound 

 sentence may be reduced into these simple sentences : 



1. Oxford makes a very good appearance. 



2. Oxford makes an appearance better than many cities. 



3. I have never seen a city with a better appearance than Oxford. 



4. Oxford is visible for several miles round. 



5. Oxford is visible from all sides. 



6. Oxford stands in a most delightful plain. 



7. Oxford is adorned with the steeples of several colleges. 



8. Oxford is adorned with the steeples of several churches. 



9. The architectural decorations of Oxford make a glorious show. 



The resolution of this long sentence into the several distinct 

 propositions which it contains has, by showing the meaning of 

 the several parts, prepared the way for our exhibiting the logical 

 relations which those parts sustain to each other ; thus : 



LOGICAL, RELATIONS OF THE SENTENCE. 



1. Oxford the subject to 2. 



2. makes makes together with 3 the predi- 



cate to 1. 



3. the best outicnrd appearance the object to 2. 



4. of any city adverbial object to 2. 



5. that I have seen appended access-try to 2. 



accessary to the subject L. 

 adverbial object to 6. 



the lest outicnrd apparanc 



of any city 



that I have seen 



being visible 



for several miles round 



on all sides 



in a most delightful plain 



and adorned 



with the steeples, etc. 



which make a glorious show 



second accessory to 1. 

 adverbial object to 10. 

 appended accessary to 10. 



Several of these parts may be analysed or explained; for 

 example : 



No. 3 consists of the definite article the, the superlative 

 adjective best, the adjective outward in the positive degree, and 

 the common noun appearance, which is the object to the verb 

 mates. 



No. 6 presents a case of explanatory apposition, since being 

 visible is subjoined to the subject Oxford, in order to state 

 some additional facts respecting it ; No. 10 stands to No. 1 in 

 the same relation. 



No. 12 presents an appended relative accessary sentence, of 

 which these are the components ; namely, which, a relative 

 pronoun agreeing with its antecedent steeples ; make, a verb 

 in the indicative mood, third person, plural number, agreeing 

 with its subject which; a, the indefinite article limiting show; 

 glorious, an adjective qualifying show ; show, a common noun 

 dependent on, or the object to, the verb make. Viewed struo 

 turally, this appendage stands thus : 



SUBJECT. PREDICATE. 



Verb. OV-.-.-t. 



Which make a glorious show. 



By way of applying what yon have learnt, take portions of 

 any good prose author, mark the logical relations of the sen- 

 tences after you have resolved each into the simple propositions 

 of which it consists, and explain by grammatical analysis (that 

 is, " parse") the several components. In other terms, convert 

 each of these compound sentences into simple sentences. Dis- 

 tribute each simple sentence into subject and predicate, dis- 

 tinguishing the verb (the copula) and the attribute. Next, 

 exhibit each compound sentence in its several members, showing 

 what are principal, what accessary, and what appended, what 

 interposed ; together with the accessaries to the subjects and 

 objects, and the adverbial objects. Finally, give the gram- 

 matical analysis of the whole. 



