LESSONS IN SPAJHSH. 



.i but (done no mart titan) El no ha heeho nwu yue irM. 

 gODO (i.e., ho lm but jit tfOUe), 



lint (if it \cert tu>t) (or ma, bo Si no fuett por tni, A pere- 



wouM purisli, c-. ! i, 



in no ona of them but llo hay niiijuno de tllo* que no 



(who it not) in a p ea general 



II" Mai : : i > tli A Tillage Nitijun dia /W al Jujar 7144 no 



but ((/tat nut) ho returned drunlc, uoloiio borracho. 



It \\ ill at onco bo perooived that tho irregularity in tho nso 

 (' is chargoablo to tho English, not tho Spanish 

 1 i tho latter but is not usod with ton different mean- 

 :n in Kiitflish. 



: unless is to bo rondorod in Spanish by d 

 mtnos do qua, or by tho word or words which it really ropro- 

 as 



:i do nothing unless you Na-la. hard, d nWnoe de que vmd. 

 speak (may XJ><M/:) to him, Is luillf, 



No inn 1 cm !<! tlioso miracles Ntngnnn puede hacer eilos mila- 

 nuloss (if not) God be (s/ioiiiii be) grot, si Dios no etumere eon t\. 

 with him, 



Tho conjunction except, whon it means the same as unless, is 

 rendered in Spanish in tho same manner ; and when it means 

 privation as, for instance, in tho sentence " I bought all his 

 books except tho histories ' ' it is rendered by menos, less, 



Tho conjunction wlicthcr is to bo rendered in Spanish by si or 

 que, and sometimes by tho subjunctive of tho verb scr; as 



I doubt whether (that) thou hast Dudo que tenyas aceile, 

 any oil, 



I asked him whether (!f) his Le preguntt ti u madre ticn- 

 mother would come, drt'a. 



Whether ho may have grapes or Que tnga uvas 6 no, notla me 

 not is nothing to me, importa. 



Whether it raius or whether it Que Uueua 6 que no Zlueva. 

 does not ruin, 



Whether or not we may bo(Ie( us Seomos 6 no dignos de (al Tionra. 

 be or not) worthy of such an honour, 



Tho conjunction as is rendered by como when usod by way of 

 comparison, by asi como when followed by so, by cuando when 

 it moans when, and after niismo by que ; as 



John is as* strong as a lion, Jiiati es tan faerie como tin leon, 



As modesty attracts, so disso- Asi como la. modcatia atrae, asi 

 luteuess repels, Tiuye la disolucton. 



He saw her as (when) he was La vio cuando tba a casa. 

 going home, 



It is not the same to promise No es lo mtsmo promcfer qua cum- 

 as to fulfil, plir. 



Tho conjunction neither, followed by nor, is rendered in 

 Spanish by 7ii, and nor also by tho same word; as 



Swear not, neither by heaven, .No jureis, ni por el cielo, ni por 

 nor by the earth, nor any other la (verra, ni por otro juramento 

 oath, alguno. 



At tho ond of a sentence, neither, and also either, if preceded 

 by a negative, are rendered by tampoco ; as 



She will not do it, nor he cither Ella, no quiero hocerlo, ni </l tam- 

 (or neither), pooo. 



Tho conjunction either, followed by or, is rendered in both 

 cases by 6; as 



Either he is a knave or ho is a 0' es picaro 6 es (onto, 

 fool, 



Tho conjunction both, followed by and, is rendered by ast or 

 tanto, and tho and by como ; as 



Both in time of peace and in Tanto on (tempo do par, como en 



time of war, (tempo de guerro. 



Both John and James will be Asi Juan como Diego eslardn 



bore, aqui. 



These examples might be rendered by as well as; thus, "in 

 timo of pcaco as well as in time of war," "John as well as 

 James will bo here." 



The conjunction lest, when it means for fear that, is rendered 

 by no sea que ; when it means in order that not, by para qua 

 Tio; and when it means simply that not, by que no; aa 



Thou wilt accompany him to his Til It acompanards d u eo*a a! 



house directly, lest any accident instante, no eea <jne le euceda algun 



may happen to him, /racoso. 



Love not sleep, lest want may JTo ames el *tietio, para que no (< 



oppress thee, oprima la indij.'iicia. 



* The first aa is here an adverb, qualifying the adjective itrong. 



Wo won careful tot yon Loul4 CutteUmot 4* nt M M itnir 



Tho conjunction rather, when und in tb tmiMt of but, if 

 rondorod by <intt* or dntrt iu-n : a 



I do not owe him anything} re M I* U **U, 4mtm MM A 

 rather h owe* me tomUilng. u dtU mlyo. 



THE INTERJECTIOJf. 



The position of the interjection in a Mntence u dtrmind by 

 no fixed rulcB, but u allowed to Tory, a* in English, mveor^^g 

 as harmony and propriety may require. 



Tho interjection oto, lo, behold, in oaod with the firat objective 

 caso of the personal pronoun* only, being joined to them and 

 forming ono word ; aa 



I Ktome ! behold me / I | Etola ! bAoW k*r / 



! Etele ! behold him / | | Eteloc qua riira ! lo(MycMM( 



The interjection he, tee, behold, in prefixed to the first objec- 

 tive case of personal pronouns, and precedes adverb*, snch aa 

 aquf, here, alii, there; as 



j Hole aquf ! here lie it / I j Helos alii ! thtrt thty art / 



i Ho la aquf I here the u / 



More literally these exclamations might bo rendered, " see 

 him hero ! " " see her hero ! " " behold them there ! " 



When adjectives are employed aa interjections, they are fol- 

 lowed by tho proposition de, if a noun or pronoun como after ; 

 for example : 



I Desgraciado de mi ! Unlucky me/ (or uii/orf uiutfe Ukcf 



J am/ 



Tho interjection ay is followed by de whon used before a noun 

 or pronoun ; as 



i Ay de mi ! Ala* for me / (or voe (o we /) 



IDIOMATIC CONSTEUCTION. 



In Spanish the words forming a sentence are usually arranged 

 in the order in which they modify each other first the subject, 

 agent, or nominative, then the verb, then the object of the verb, 

 and lastly the indirect object to each being annexed the worda 

 specially modifying it. But tho laws of construction not being 

 so rigorous and invariable as in the English language, tho sub- 

 ject frequently follows its verb, inversion not being confined to 

 poetry or considered peculiar to the interrogative, 



INVERSION. 



Inversion is obligatory in the imperative ; as, venga V. con 

 Dios, go with God; venga V. aca, come hither. But this inver- 

 sion is permissible chiefly in the following instances : (1) At 

 the beginning of a negative sentence ; as, no mo gusta la gran 

 variedad de manjares, a great variety of food does not please 

 me. (2) In sentences beginning with an adverb ; as, aunque 

 esta V. dnrmiendo, you are yet asleep ; ya esta muerto, he is 

 already dead. (3) In the latter clause of a complex sentence ; 

 as, para ser pobre, es muoho lo quo gasta, for a poor man, he 

 spends much. 



The article is omitted after a verb of motion, with the words 

 coso, ntisa, paseo, and a few others ; as, salgo de casa, I cem 

 from home ; vamos d misa, let us go to mass. 



Adjectives are generally placed after the substantive which 

 they qualify ; in some cases their meaning varies with their 

 position ; while tho cardinal numbers, words expressing som* 

 inherent relation of the noun, and a few others, generally pre- 

 cede it. 



An active verb governs its object with a preposition, if the 

 object is a rational being ; as, amar al projimo, to love out's 

 neighbour; aborrecer a alguno, to hate some one. As an excep- 

 tion to this rule, certain verbs admit no preposition ; as, ticnen 

 buonos amijos, they are good friends ; oomparo los hombres, t 

 compare men. In all other instances tho verb governs its object 

 directly. 



Whon there is no inversion, the adverb succeeds the verb it 

 modifies. When denying or affirming, the adverb follows the 

 verb ; in compound tenses it follows the participle, but never 

 the auxiliary verb ; as, el nino ha estudiado sicmpre sa leockm, 

 the boy has always {earned his task. 



Somo deviations from strict grammatical arrangement are 

 allowable in Spanish, as conducive to beauty or energy of ex- 

 pression, which, however, may be better acquired from practice 

 and observation than from any rule^ that may be laid down, 



