LESSONS IN GHBEK. 





i of proficiency are also awarded to student* f tho 



uvriimu oliumuB in :i L'.ill-'^u of tlni iiiiivi-r.tity on compliance 



litions a* to attendance and exatuiuation, for 



.-i:ir. ______ 



..ii, it )i:i.i only to be said that, like incut <ith.-r 



loria University has the power to admit 



.toa of other universities in the lJnii.il Kingdom to 



Mimi.ir iiml equal degrees (ad eundcm gradum), and to confer 



honorary degrees upon persons worthy of such distinction. 



LESSONS IN GREEK. LIIL 



ATTRIBUTIVES-THE DEMONSTRATIVE PROXOUNS THE 

 ARTICLE. 



AMONG attributive words of adjective signification stanl tho 

 trativo pronouns and tho article, as well as the posses- 

 i >ronouns. 



Tho demonstrative pronouns indicate tho local relation borne 

 by an object to tho speaker, and so may bo divided into two 

 classes, tho near (this) and tho remote (that) ; for example 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 



C o, 7), TO, this man, this woman, this thing. 

 Tltc Near. < o5, 7)8*, ro8, a strengthened form of tho same. 



(. olrros, air?), TOVTO, this man, etc. 

 The Remote. tKctvos, titfivr), CKCIPO, that man, that woman, etc. 



68, i;8e, roSr, is nothing more than the article with 8 ap- 

 pended. It is not so obvious, but nevertheless it is equally 

 true, that OUTOS, aurt, TOVTO is only tho article with its stem 

 strengthened. 



Tho two demonstratives oot and OUTOS, of tho same origin, 

 resemble each other in signification. A slight difference may 

 bo discovered in them, namely, that <J8e relates rather to out- 

 ward and local objects, OUTOS embraces also the inner relations 

 or states of mind. Opposed to both is CKCIPOS, in so far as it 

 indicates an object which stands at a distance from tho speaker. 



It may also be observed that 68* alludes to an object not 

 observed in its condition, and consequently not so mentioned ; 

 while OUTOS refers not merely to an object itself, but also to its 

 character; thus, rjSe rj iroAts is this city, the city which we see, 

 the city in which we live, without any reference to its circum- 

 stances ; on the contrary, ourrj 77 iroAis is this city, considered 

 relatively to its character, the (a) city of this kind. So TOLVTO. 

 is used of that which has boon already spoken of ; roSe of that 

 of which you have to speak ; as, TO.VTO. ^tv o~u \tytts, trap rm<av 

 o" airayy\\e raSe, you report these things; bear back from us 

 this answer. 



Tom-' t\tav, these things they said that is, the things re- 

 ported is used at the end of a discourse or narrative ; but 

 t\(av TaSe, they said these things, refers to those things which 

 are to follow. 



OUTOS and CKCIPO* differ in this, that tho former refers to the 

 nearer, the latter to tho remoter object. But this application 

 is sometimes inverted. It is inverted when tho remote object 

 is pointed out as specially worthy of attention, and the nearer 

 as holding an inferior position. 



OUTOS is used emphatically in order to indicate an object as 

 universally known ; ticnvos in order to point out an object as 

 prominent and distinguished of its kind. 



Tho demonstratives are omitted, first, when they stand with 

 a relative clause, as a periphrasis for a substantive, as aATjOrj a 

 o-v \tytis ; and secondly, in these phrases, Ttnijpiov oe, this is 

 the proof; at]v.fiov St, this is the token ; CUTIOV ot, the ground is 

 this ; Kt(pa\Gto:> Se, the chief point is, etc. ; and the like. 



The weakest form of the demonstrative pronoun namely, o, 

 i), TO is in good prose used only as an article. Tho office of 

 tho article is to individualise tho idea conveyed in the noun 

 that is, to set it forth as a distinct object clearly present to the 

 thought of the speaker and hearer. In general the use of the 

 article on the part of tho Greeks is tho same as tho uso of it in 

 English. There are, however, some deviations. 



The Greeks use tho article with proper names, but not nni- 

 vor.- illy ; tho article with proper names adds to tho distinctness 

 and individuality of tho name, indicating that tho person is well 

 known, either because mentioned before or because celebrated ; 

 thus, o Kvpos, the Cyrus previously spoken of, the Cyrus whom 



everybody knows. Generally the Boon is without the article 

 when a distinctive or characterising phrase Is added ; , K*p* , 

 & TUIK Tltpffw /3<MfiA v, aw.Oo^r, Cyrus, th king of U* j'c/*iait*, 

 died. 



The artiolo is pot also before subt tantives which bare * pro- 



a attribute ; as a demonstrative pronoun, or the defer- 



mimitivo aurot, self. The place of the article u either between 



the pronoun and the noon, tu atrij j o<.a, this haute, or before 



tho noun and the pronoun, as j) O<M a&rn. 



The article is used with noons which signify a number, 

 whether of special or general import, when reference U made 

 to a number of objects, either previously mentioned or com- 

 monly known, or a number of object* in contract with the) 

 remainder, or a number given as comprising a totality, no one 

 being excluded, equivalent to our in all ; and consequently the 

 article is employed with numerals without noons, when the idee> 

 of number appears as containing in itself a complete whole, 

 considered in its arithmetical value. Special numerical deter- 

 initiations appear in tho place of ordinary adjectives ; general 

 ones in the place of tho demonstrative pronouns. Kaf itttum^ 

 TT\V rififpav id every day without exception : leu emphatic is *a.f 

 txaaT-nv 7).ufpov ; iravrts o\ avdpwwoi, all the mentioned nun ; ei 

 irayrfs avOpuwot, Uie whole of mankind, all men without excep- 

 tion, more expressive t lan vatrtt arOpwvoi. 



To the numerals of general import may bo added *o\\n and 

 oAAoj. With ToAus tho article is employed when a greater por- 

 tion is set in contrast with a smaller portion. In such cases we 

 in English use the superlative ; as, 6 woAi/f \oyos, matt of the 

 speech; TO iroAu TOV aTpa.Ttvna.Tot, the main body of the army ; 

 TO. woAAo, for the most part; ol woAAoi, the most, the bulk, the 

 common people. AAAor takes the article when the whole of the 

 part of an object is exhibited in opposition to one mentioned 

 port, or more, of the same object ; as, oi oAAot curtpttwot, the 

 other men, tlie rest. 



The article is employed in sums total ; for example, ijr, #r 

 tTt\tvTt]<Tfv, afj.tf)i TO ii)KorTa TTJ, when Ko died he vnu about 

 sixty years of age. 



By receiving the article the infinitive acquires the form of a 

 noun, yet may it retain its verbal force. Thus it takes an 

 adverb as a qualifier, as TO xaAwf aroOawur, to die honourably 

 that is, an honourable death ; it may have ita object, as TO Tout 

 viKrjffavras a^(\tiv, to neglect tlwse who have gained a victory 

 that is, disregard to conquerors ; it may also have a subject, aa 

 TO tpBoffiv TOIS fVTvxovfft Tous aTixoi/Taj, for the unfortunate to 

 envy the fortunate. This infinitive itself, like nouns in general, 

 may be tho subject or the object of a proposition, or it may be 

 tho object after a proposition, all the while retaining its verbal 

 force. Tho infinitive in Greek, with the article, corresponds 

 with the gerund in Latin ; as 



OI'.EF.K. LVTIH. KSC.LISR. 



ivtKct TOV \tytiv, dicendi, o/ saying, 



tv Tta \eyttv, dicendo, by saying. 



irpot TO \tyttv, dicendum, to saying, or to toy. 



Adverbs of place and time, by taking the article, acquire the 

 import of substantives ; as, TO eaua, the upper region ; TO unra^v, 

 the interval. Also adverbs of quality having the article tako 

 the form of nouns; as, TO Atox, excess; TO Aofffxs, secrecy. 

 Adverbs in combination with the article stand for adjectives ; 

 as, oi TOTC avOpwiroi (literally, the then men), the men of that 

 time. 



The article with a genitive stands substantively, and in 

 English requires a noun to be supplied ; as, TO. TW A<hjywr, 

 the (affairs) of the Athenians ; ol tr TTJ ro\n, thf (men) in the 

 city. In a similar manner it is taken with prepositions ; as, ra 

 /xrra TOI/TO, what folio > 



Adjectives and participles, as well as adverbs, become nouns 

 under the influence of tho article ; as, of w\ovnm, the rich. 

 Sometimes the participle with tho article is rendered by several 

 words ; as, oi irapovTts, those who are present. 



Tho article in the neuter gender prefixed to a noun, or to a 

 . denotes a quotation ; as, TO arrjp, the word euntp. 



When an attribute is added to a noun accompanied by tho 

 article, tho position of tho words may ba threefold ; as 



1. TO. ntyaXa ayaBa, $ <r$oSp* rrttvuuL, 

 the great benefits. the intense desire. 



2. cryaOa TO. /iryaAa. r0i/jiia n r^o8pa. 



3. Ta ayaOa ra /xryaAa. 1) ri0vfua t afo&pa. 



