384 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



These three collocations vary in emphasis in the order in 

 which they are placed, the first being the least and the third 

 the most emphatic. 



A difference of meaning is produced by the different posi- 

 tions of the adjectives /uetroy, irxaToy, aKpos, etc. ; as tv /uecrT? ry 

 ayopa, or ev ry ayopa. ry fj.fcrri, in the middle of the market; tv 

 T-TI fj-ecrr; ayopa, in the middle market. 



With a genitive case, a noun and an article may have diffe- 

 rent arrangements ; as, 6 raiv M-r\vai<av 8171105 (the people of the 

 Athenians), 6 SrjfJ.os 6 nav AQnvauav, TGJV hAr\va.uav 6 0-rj/j.os, 6 

 TOW A.Brjvatui'. These arrangements vary only in em- 



The article is wanting in Greek with abstract appellatives 

 when they denote the general idea : thus, irAovros Kamas virr)- 

 perrjs iffTiv, riches is a servant of wickedness. 



The omission of the article sometimes gives the force of our 

 indefinite an or a ; that is, one of the race so called, or the 

 race itself, avdpwiros. If indefiniteness is to be given, we add 

 the enclitic ris to the noun j as, ywtj ns opviv fix.et>, a certain 

 woman had a hen. 



A noun taken with iros, and without the article, is used dis- 

 tributively ; as, TTUS avQpcairos, every man ; -rravTes avQpuiroi, all 

 men, considered individually. If we add the article, we give 

 a collective force ; as, iravres ol avQpiairoi, all 'the men (in the 

 world), men collectively. 



An important difference is made by the different position of 

 the article with CLVTOS -. for example, avros 6 irarrip, or 6 Trarrjp 

 avros, the father himself; 6 O.VTOS iraTrjp, or 6 naTrjp 6 avros, the 

 same father. 



ATTRIBUTIVE WORDS WITH SUBSTANTIVE IMPORT. 



An adjective acquires a substantive import when an object, 

 whether a person or a thing, is set forth as the material image 

 of a quality, or when the abstract idea of the quality is desig- 

 nated as a substance in and for itself. Thus fj.f\ai>, in the 

 neuter gender, is black, that is, blackness. 



The article is prefixed to these adjectives with substantive 

 meanings, as it is prefixed to appellatives. A participle with 

 the article acquires the form of a noun, and may often be best 

 rendered by a relative clause ; as, 6 /j.a6cav, the scholar, or he who 

 has learnt; 6 f}ov\o/jLfvos, the ivilling man, he who is willing. 



The Greeks use the genitive of possession in union with the 

 article, to designate persons, things, and circumstances which 

 are severally to be regarded as belonging to the idea or person 

 contained in the relative. Thus the masculine article with the 

 genitive denotes the son of, and in the plural the relatives of, 

 the subjects of; in general him, or those persons or things 

 which belong to the object ; as, A\tat>Spos 6 $i\nnrov, Alexander 

 the (sen) of Philip ; ol epavrov, the of me, that is, my (friends, 

 children, etc.), mine. The feminine article with a genitive, 

 after a similar manner, signifies the wife or the daughter of; 

 as, Maio r] AT\UVTOS, Maia the (daughter) of Atlas. 



With adjectival attributes, nouns are omitted which suggest 

 themselves from the nature of the attribute itself. Thus x f 'P 

 is omitted with TJ Seicc, the right (hand) ; ij aptarepa, the left 

 (hand) ; pepis with TJ SeAarTj, the tenth (part) ; 7) eiKotrrr], the 

 twentieth (part), etc. 



Other omissions of substantives are permitted only when 

 they may be readily learnt from the verbs which, if expressed, 

 they would accompany. Thus with verbs signifying to go, etc., 

 680$ is omitted ; as, Tropeveffdai paxpav (65oc), to go a long way 

 (far). On the same principle are explained ellipses (omissions) 

 like Tt]v evavTtav (tynfyov) Oeffdai, to vote in opposition; fpr]fj.rjv 

 (SIKTJV) Karriyopeiv, to bring a deserted charge, that is, to accuse 

 a person in his absence. 



With the preposition ei' and e<s, you often find the genitive 

 of a personal noun to signify the residence of the person, which 

 is left out, as being easily supplied by the mind. Thus the 

 Greeks commonly said fyonav ets Si8a<r/caA.oi/, to go to school; tis 

 <t>t\ov, to a friend's that is, to the house of a teacher, the house 

 of a friend. Very common, and for the most part without 

 variation, are the phrases ev AlSov, in Hades; us AlSov, to 

 Hades (scil. SO/J.QV and SO/J.CP). 



GOVERNMENT OP THE OBJECT. 



By the object is meant that on which the action of the 

 subject falls. The relation of the subject to the object is either 



immediate, so that the action of the subject parses to the object 

 without any intermediate term ; or the relation is mediate, so 

 that the two are connected by some medium. 



Of the three oblique cases of the Greek, the accusative is 

 chiefly employed to indicate the near object, the dative to indi- 

 cate the remote, and the genitive specially to express attributive 

 accessories. 



IMPORT AND USE OF THE ACCUSATIVE. 



The accusative shows that an object is under the immediate 

 influence of another object, and consequently serves 



1. To denote the near or immediate object. 



2. To denote the end towards which a movement is directed, 

 and the space over which a movement extends, in reference to 

 locality, as well as to time. 



THE ACCUSATIVE TO DENOTE THE OBJECT. 



The Single Accusative. All verbs which signify action 

 (transitives) put that which is immediately affected by that 

 action, or which is thereby brought into existence, into the 

 accusative case ; as, ol 'EAAiji/es tviKr\<rav TOVS Hepvas, the Greeks 

 conquered THE PERSIANS. 



The application of the accusative in Greek is wider than it is 

 in English. In poetry especially, objects are often employed 

 with intransitive verbs, in order to show the influence or result 

 which ensues from the verbal condition. Thus with 6pxti<r9ai, 

 to dance, and KLVtitrQai, to play in pantomime, is found the 

 accusative of the person set forth or imitated in the dance or 

 the mime; as, 6pxei>r6ai roy 'E/cropa, KivtiffBai TO. -roiaina; irvp 

 ocj)da\/j.OLa'i 5e5op/cau, looking (darting) Jirc from his eyes. 



Many verbs which in English are used intransitively admit 

 in Greek of a transitive application, in consequence cf which 

 they take an accusative as their object. Such verbs are, 8a- 

 Kpveiv, to weep for; oi/j.caeiv, oSvptaBai, o\o(f>vptcr6ai, to moan, 

 lament; irevQtiv, 6pyi>iv, KoirTfffdai, to mourn; as, TOVS a7ro 

 Qavovras Sa/cpt/oucnc ol oiKttoi, the domestics iveep for the de- 

 parted. 



In the same way, TrAeii/, to sail, to travel by sea, acquires a 

 transitive application, and takes an accusative of the part on 

 which the journeying goes on ; as, irKtiv QaKavtrav, ir\fiv -novrov, 

 etc. Following the same analogy, verbs which signify to pass 

 over take an accusative of the space or object over which the 

 passage is made ; as trfpaiovtrOai, irepav, 5ia/3aii'if -rcorai-LOv, 

 QaKaffcrav, to cross a river, go over the sea. So we find even 

 Opovov Oaacreiv, to sit (on) a seat, and l^eaOai tcprjvas, to settle (at) 

 a fountain. OiKtiv, meaning to inhabit, to dwell, may signify 

 to direct ; as, Set yvvaiKa. ev oitteiv TVV OIKLO.V, a woman ought to 

 manage her household well. 



The application is extended to neuter adjectives, giving rise 

 to forms of speech which require explanation ; for example, 

 TOVTO a.fjLapra.veiv, that is, rovro TO ajuaprrj/ua a^apTavfiv, to com' 

 init this error, to sin this sin, to sin in this ; (j.eya\a a^apraveLv, 

 to commit great sins; 8er0cu /uerpia, to make moderate requests. 



The accusative of tho abstract object may stand with the 

 middle or passive as well as the active ; as, iro\\as Aoi/Say Aa>/3a- 

 Tai 6 avdpcairos, the man endures many a disgrace. 



As the Greeks said 'vixav VIKIJV, to gain a victory, so by an 

 extension of the idiom they said vmav aytava, to be superior in 

 a contest ; viKav jrvyfj.Tjv, to beat in boxing ; viKav ira\riv, to con- 

 quer in wrestling ; vmav O\v/j.-ma, to conquer in the Olympic 

 games. A yet greater extension is found in the forms aiffxvft(r~ 

 Oat Tiva, to be ashamed before (to reverence) a person ; Qapfeiv 

 nva, to have confidence towards (in the presence of) a person. 



Hence may be explained what is called the accusative of the 

 part; and this accusative may be expanded into the accusative 

 of the more exact determination, that is, an accusative which 

 defines the object to which the predicate relates ; as 



Accusative of the Part. Tew Sa/crtiAoj/ a\yt, I have a pain 



IN MY THUMB. 



Accusative of Exact Determination. ILpSapoy BOIWTOJ t\v 

 .Trjv TrarpiSa, Pindar ivas a Bceolian AS TO COUNTRY. 



Nouns of measure, as depth (TO ftados), height (TO fyos), 

 breadth (TO evpos), are in the same manner put in the accusative 

 to signify the exact relation of the object to the predicate. So, 

 where we say "by name, "the Greeks simply used an accusative 

 (ovo/j.a) of exact determination; as, Autra^Spoy Trpocrf.fiaAe iroAet, 

 ovofj.0. KeSpeiais, Lysanderfdl upon a city, BY NAME Ccdrew. 



