LESSONS IN GK; 



' ~ 



ill consider thaw in detail. The Hanse League aroM 



* Homi-barburism prevailed throughout much t I 

 ami when tho ritfht of tho strongest was law. hi i,n.mtiri.,' 

 reading wealth, tho league acted an a groat 



M<,' agency. Toward* th-- i-nd of its course, tho evil 



it it had lu-ni mi inti-rnational safeguard no longur 



had grown prosperous and powerful, and law 



i r h;id become respected. Tho Netherlands, D. 

 . and Norway felt that they could stand alone. Labour 

 was organised, and traders could travel by sea or land, without 

 fear of pirates or freebooters. Mutual defence, tho gT'' : 

 of union, had became unnecessary ; the constituent parts of tho 

 league, being no longer coherent, fell asundi-r. 



Again, tho Hanseates wore of no ono country. Its members 

 joined for their own advantages, and fought to defend themselves. 



-vita no loyalty to tho league itself as on institution. If tho 

 private interest of any town could bo better served by severance 

 from tho league, there was no spirit of fellowship to prevent a 

 secession, and, in consequence, as states grew settled and wealthy, 

 and therefore powerful, they throw off their allegiance. Lastly, 

 with tho opening up of now fields for enterprise, by tho discoveries 

 of Vosco do Gama and Columbus, another epoch was inaugurated. 

 Tho Western states, from their superior geographical position, 

 took tho lead in the new commerce, and tho Hanso trade bo- 

 came relatively insignificant, especially when Central Europe and 

 tho Mediterranean wore no longer in tho highway to India. 

 Minor causes of decay had their origin in faults of policy and 

 conduct. Tho league abused its power. From the dofonco it 

 proceeded to the monopoly of trade. The commerce of tho cast 

 and north-oast of Europe waa virtually in its hands. It com- 

 pelled foreign merchants to trade in Hanseatic ships, and destroyed 

 any vessels in the Baltic belonging to nations outside tho con- 

 federation. In order to suppress all interference with its sources 

 of gain, it waged long and costly wars to crush the trade and 

 maritime power of its rivals. It not only drove the flag of tho 

 Netherlands from tho Baltic, but made Norway and Sweden suc- 

 cumb, while its contests with Denmark were almost continuous. 

 Quarrels with Prussia, Poland, and Livonia enabled tho English 

 and Dutch to supersede tho Hanse in their markets. Hamburg, 

 Lubeck, and Bremen were, at tho Peace of Utrecht, in 1713, tho 

 only remaining representatives of this union, and in our timo 

 these cities have been absorbed by Prussia. 



LESSONS IN GREEK. LI V. 



THE PREDICATE WITH A DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE. 



THERE may bo a double accusative with a transitive verb when 

 tho action of tho verb operates equally on a person and on a 

 thing. Such verbs, in Greek, are tho following : 



1. Verbs whic 1 ! have as their object the abstract idea con- 

 veyed in the verb take also in tho accusative tho person affected 

 by tho verbal action ; as, 2a.-*cpaT7js tKcunov eireiparo tvepyfrtiv 

 Trjv fj.tyiffTr]v (ufpyfcriau>, Socrates endeavoured to confer on each 

 Hie greatest benefit. 



2. Verbs which signify to do good or ill to a person, to say 

 good or ill of a person, take the person in tho accusative, and, 

 when tho thing is indicated by a noun, have in consequence a 

 double accusative. Accordingly, we say in Greek, ayaOa or /caxa 

 itoitiv, or Spat', or <paf(rOai -rtva. 



3. The following verbs also take an accusative of tho person 

 and an accusative of tho thing ; namely, oi5a<rn(ti>, to learn ; 

 vcuScvw, to educate; a.vafj.t/j.iri]ffK(iv ) viro/j.ifivija'Kttv, to reiniiid ; 

 and many others. 



4. Verbs which signify to put on, to take off, and tho like, 

 put both the person and the thing in tho accusative ; as, TO 

 jj/icrapa T//UOS cxroffTtpti 4>iA.iirjros, Philip deprives us of our own. 



IMPORT AND USE OP THE DATIVE. 



The dative denotes the person or thing which is mediately 

 affected by tho action of the verb, and consequently serves to 

 express the mediate or remote object. 



The dative is employed to express proximity in space, as well 

 as conditions which cannot bo realised without such proximity. 

 Hence tho dative is used in Greek with words that signify 



(1) Near, nearness, approach; and especially verbs which 

 denote 



(2) To meet, come together, be together, whether in a friendly 



or unfriendly manner 5 a!so verb* which (rffnffV to hot* i*t*r~ 

 COUTH with, to ditcourte, to iland by, mad the like. 



(:!) Also verb* which signify any kind of mental or moral 

 communication from one person to %tyHhr, whether by dsod, ta 

 to give, to beitow ; or \>y word, a* to My, to announce. 



rb wpoariKti and */**i, if it proper, it breomes, admit 

 an accusative as well a* a dative with an infinitive; <> ha* 

 generally An accusative, and xfl always. 



In general, tho dative implies that for or against which an 

 action takes place ; and so involving advantage or disadvantage, 

 convenience or utility, is called the datimu eommodi an', tacom* 

 modi. 



IMPORT AND USE OP THE OEMITIVE. 



Tho numerous applications of the genitive may bo ranged 

 under three principal heads : 1. To denote an object to which 

 another belongs as a part or member ; this is called the geni- 

 tivus partitivus (t'ae partitive genitive). 2. An object to which 

 another belongs as a possession or property ; this is called the 

 (jenitivus posscssivus (the genitive of possession). 3. An object 

 from which another proceeds, by which another is produced 

 (hence tho name genitive, from gigno, I beget) or occasioned ; 

 this is called tho gcnitivus auctoris, or the gcniiimu materiel, or 

 again, tho gaiitivus causalis (the caueal or oriyir^atiny genitive;. 



1. THE PABTITIVB GENITIVB. 



With nouns denoting a part or number of a whole, the whole 

 is put in the genitive case. So are collective nouns put in tho 

 genitive, being governed by the word that signifies a part, e. 

 portion, or an individual involved in their collective significa- 

 tion ; as, TO. TOU ffia/j.aro3 ptfrri Kai ^ ATJ, the parts and members. 

 of the body. 



Adjectives in tho superlative degree govern a genitive of the 

 class ; as, ptyiffrov (ffn TOW ayaOtev O^CTTJ, virtue is the greatest, 

 of good things. 



Verbs which denote an action that affects tho object only in 

 part, put the object in the genitive. Such verbs ore, fttrt-^nv, 

 to share; Kaitxavtiv, to have in common; fjLtra\an0avny, to pat- 

 take of; utraHioovat, to give another a portion of; Tvyx*rtii>, to 

 fall upon, to obtain. 



The construction of these verbs is followed by a number o: 

 adjectives which involve the idea of participation, or the idea 

 of proximity and touching. 



2. TUB GENITIVE OF POSSESSION 



is generally used when it is intended to intimate that an object 

 in some sense belongs to a person. This is the strictly proper 

 use of the possessive genitive. By analogy, the use is extender-, 

 to animals, and even things without life ; as, i] Titptx\fovs OIK.-. 

 PERICLES' house. 



With adverbs of place and time, the indications of place and 

 time are put in the genitive ; as, vavraxov TTJJ yijs i/prj<Tt:_ 

 ayaOovs re aat iromjpovs, everywhere in the world you will find 

 both good men and bad. 



After a similar manner is the genitive employed after demon- 

 strative pronouns and adjectives in the neuter gender to signifr 

 the extent or degree of a quality ; as, is tour' ijAfltf v&ptus, ;.: 

 went to such a pitch cf insult. 



Determinations of time may be put in the genitive. Properlr 

 such determinations are those which indicate a continuance. 

 But an object which extends may be regarded as simply a poir.t, 

 as in our phrase " by night " that is, through the night, a:! 

 night long. Accordingly, the genitive may be used to denote a 

 point of time. 



Here belongs what is called the genitive absolute ; as, CK* trou 

 ejiroiTos, irarrej taiyiav, he speaking, all were silent. 



The genitive (in Latin the ablative) absolute, or the genitive 

 which in construction (not sense) is independent of other words, 

 is in reality an abridged or elliptical sentence, which indicates 

 the circumstances under which the ensuing statement ic roado 

 or becomes true. 



3. THE CAUSAL GENITIVE. 



The gonitive considered as denoting that whence anything 

 comes may refer to place. Accordingly, the genitive is nseJ 

 with verbs which signify to remove from, to separate, as x*P l - 

 (tv, Stopi((iv, aKOKpirHV, and the like. Again, verbs which 

 mean to yield, to give tray before, as tiKix, far<Kir, rops- 

 Xtapfty. Moreover, verbs which signify to free, loosen, emanci- 

 pate, deliver, as cnro&Vamu', \vta>, a*o\i/r i to get of (etircX- 



