408 



THE POPULAR EDUCATOR. 



\arreffdai) ; to Jail (apapravfiv). Once more, the genitive is used 

 with verbs which mean to abstain, to turn from (ex 6 '*') <*$"?- 

 ravat) ; to hinder (KoiAueif, eipyeiv), to cease, stop, discontinue 

 (iravfffQai, a<pieffOai). 



The genitive of origin, or the genitive properly so called, 

 denotes not only the author or source and the material of which 

 a thing consists, but in a restricted manner the object also, 

 from the consideration of which our opinion or judgment is 

 given. This use, then, may be divided into the proper and the 

 improper. 



The proper use of this genitive is seen when it gives the 

 substance or material (genitivus materice) of which a thing is 

 made, partly in using substantives and partly in using eivai, 

 vnapxfiv, yiyveffSai ; also iroteiv, epya^tffOai, KaraffKeva^ttv, etc. 

 Thus we find oi/ojjua v\cai>, a house of wood, that is, a wooden 

 house ; \i6ov ta'Tpeafj.evT] effTiv 7; &8os, the road is paved with 

 stone. 



The causal genitive, strictly so regarded, denotes the object 

 which is set forth as the occasion of a condition or result. 



The occasion may be an object of sense, as with ocrcftpaivftrdai, 

 to smell ; so with otiv, irveiv ; also with verbs of hearing, as 

 aitovtiv, aKpoaffdat, the object is constantly in the genitive. 



The causal genitive appears further in cases where the occa- 

 sion of mental or moral influence is expressed ; as with /UVTJ- 

 fiovevtiv, /j.f/j.vfi<r9ai, to call to mind, to remember, and similar 

 words. 



The causal genitive, moreover, is found with verbs which 

 denote an excitement or passion of the mind, as y\ovi>, to be 

 envious of; evSaifj-ovifciv, to congratulate; QQovtiv, to envy; 

 t\efiv, to pity; jj.i>7]cnKaKfiv, to be revengeful; fj.fTafj.f\effOai (^.ero- 

 /j.e\fi not), to repent, which, with a dative of the person, take a 

 genitive of the thing. 



THE PREPOSITIONS. 



Prepositions may be divided into such as are found with one 

 case, such as are found with two cases, and such as are found 

 with three cases. 



PREPOSITIONS WITH ONE CASE. 



1. With the accusative : eis or s, into; ava, up ; us, to, toivard. 



2. With the dative : ev, in; <rvv (sometimes written |yy), with. 



3. With the genitive : avri, opposite ; euro (Latin, ab), from ; K 



or e (Latin, ex), out of, from, after; Trpo, before, for ; avtv, 

 without; f vena, on account of ; -%apiv, for the sake of ; OXP, 

 up to ; utxp', U P to. 



PREPOSITIONS WITH TWO CASES. 



1. Sm, with the genitive, through; with the accusative, on ac- 



count of. 



2. KOTO., with the genitive, down, the opposite of ava; with the 



accusative, on. 



3. fttra, with the genitive, with (denoting community) ; with 



the accusative, after (Latin, post). The poets connect 

 fj.ra also with the dative in the signification of among. 



4. inrep, with the genitive, over, for; with the accusative, over. 



PREPOSITIONS WITH THREE CASES. 



1. afjLfyi, around ; with the genitive, around ; with the dative 



(only in the poets), around (in space); with the accusative. 

 around (of time). 



2. irepi, around (denoting presence on all sides) ; with the geni- 



tive, used of surroundings in space, only by the poets ; 

 with the dative, around (of space), for the sake of, for ; with 

 the accusative, around, in respect of. 



3. eirt, on (denoting the point on which an object rests) ; with 



the genitive (of place), on, upon; (of time), during. With the 

 dative, when used of place, it has the same meaning as 

 with the genitive, only that with the dative the object on 

 which anything supports itself is conceived of as more 

 definite, more of a point, while extension is rather implied 

 with the genitive. 



4. irapa, by the side of, with; with the genitive, away from; 



with the dative, at ; with the accusative, near, alongside, 

 extending alongside, as two parallel lines do. 



5. irpoy, denoting proximity, near ; with the genitive, on the side 



of, on behalf of, for ; with the dative, at ; with the accusa- 

 tive, at, near, towards, in relation to. 



G. into, under ; with the genitive, of space, under ; with the 

 dative, of space, in, among ; with the accusative, under, 

 towards. 



INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 



Interrogative sentences are formed in Greek by means of 

 interrogative words. Such words are numerous in Greek, if 

 only because the language has two forms of words, one for the 

 direct and one for the indirect interrogatory. The indirect 

 interrogatives are formed from the direct, by prefixing to the 

 latter the syllable 6, by which it is indicated that the question 

 rests on the foregoing sencence or clause. 



DIRECT. 



TJS ; who ? TWO. ; whom ? 

 irortpos ; which of the two ? 

 iroios ; of what kind ? 

 irocros ; how much ? how great ? 

 irrjAi/cos; how old ? 

 iroSaTTos ; from what country ? 

 irov ; where ? 

 iroi ; whither ? 

 iroQev ; whence ? 



Trojy ; how ? 



TTJ; ; in what way ? 



INDIRECT. 

 (urns, who. 



diroTfpos, which of the two. 

 &TTOLOS, of what kind. 

 tnroffos, how great. 

 oTTTjAi/cos, how old. 

 dirotiairos, from what country. 

 dirov, where. 

 6TTOt, whither. 

 6iro6ev, whence. 

 ttirtas, how. 

 &irri, in which way. 



Causal interrogatives, or such as ask for the cause or reason 

 of a thing, are formed by the interrogative pronouns in connec- 

 tion with a preposition ; as, Sia -ri; why ? rov tveica; on what 

 account ? ttri ry ; on what condition ? Indirect, Ston, brov 

 tveica, a<p' tire?, etc. In the same way are formed some of the 

 temporal interrogatives ; as, /ue^pt TOV ; how long ? so, ^exf" 

 TTOffov ; /iXP* s fiffou; 



Sometimes the direct interrogative is employed instead of the 

 indirect, the question being put independently ; as, tine fj.oi, 

 troiov ri vo/4ifLS eucre/Seiay tivai ; tell me, what do you consider 

 piety to be? 



Sometimes the direct and the indirect are connected together ; 

 as, ov yap aiffOavo/j.ai ffov, OTTOIOV vofjupov TJ iroiov SiKatov Aeytis, I 

 do not learn from you what you call lawful, or what just. 



When the person interrogated repeats the question asked, 

 the indirect form of interrogation is employed ; as, (A.) ris yap 

 (i ; who art thou ? (B.) 6<rris ; who am I, do you ask ? 



Of indirect interrogative sentences the single are introduced 

 by ei (if, whether), fav, av, and /J.TJ (or not) ; and the double by eire 

 tire, less frequently by ti eire and tin j (whethei or). 



The subjunctive appears in direct questions when a person 

 directs a question to himself, so as to give the idea that he is 

 undetermined as to what opinion he should form of the matter ; 

 as, iirit>ij.et> ij (riyco/Atv; shall we speak or be silent ? 



The subjunctive takes av with it when reference is made to a 

 completely hypothetical foregoing proposition ; as, irojs av eu 

 (ppovrjffavTes raura ica\cas ex*"' riyrifftai'Tai ; how can the wise 

 consider these things to be in a good condition? 



The optative, in direct questions, denotes the same kind of 

 uncertainty as the subjunctive, only in regard to circumstances 

 which appear as belonging to the past, whereby the matter 

 looks very doubtful for the present ; as, ri aiff^iov KCU Kaniov 

 etrj ; ^vhat could be more shameful and base ? 



The particle av, as in the subjunctive, increases the uncer- 

 tainty. 



In indirect interrogative sentences the employment of the 

 moods is generally governed by the same rules as in direct 

 interrogative sentences. The mood depends on the tense of the 

 principal verb, and on the degree of doubt or uncertainty ; 

 even the indicative may bo used after the accompanying JMJ, if 

 full conviction is intended ; as, vvv Qo&ovfjLtOa fj.7] afj,(porepav a/xa 

 T]fj.apTrtKa/j.ff, now ivefear, lest ^ve have at once missed both. 



IMPERATIVE SENTENCES. 



An imperative sentence contains an expression of the 

 speaker's will. As this expression is more or less decided, 

 you have either a request or a wish. A request is set forth 

 by the imperative, a wish by the optative. The negative in 

 imperative sentences is the particle /j.rj. The imperative of 

 the aorist and the imperative of the present are employed, 

 with this difference, that the imperative of the aorist is used 

 when a strictly single act is intended, and the imperative of 

 the present when continuance or repetition is meant. In the 

 passive, the Greeks had a perfect imperative, by which they 

 expressed a completed and continued condition. To the opta- 

 tive, as expressive of a wish, there may be prefixed the par- 

 ticles ft and eiOe, that. 



