CONTENTS 



PAGE 



I. INTRODUCTION 9 



II. THE LEAF: ITS USES Transpiration; Respiration and 

 Food Production; The Typical Leaf and its Parts; 

 Veining ; Branched Leaves ; Phyllotaxy, or Leaf Ar- 

 rangement ; Leaf Adjustment; Transformations of 

 Leaves; Field Work 15 



III. FRUITS Fleshy Fruits; Dry Fruits; Dehiscent Fruits; 

 Accessory, Aggregate, and Collective Fruits ; Field 

 Work 63 



IV. SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS Monocotyledons and Polycoty- 

 ledons ; Dicotyledons ; Forms and Growth of Seed ; 

 Germination ; Seedlings ; Growth ; Field Work . 87 



V. ROOTS AND UNDERGROUND STEMS Function and Struc- 

 ture of Roots ; Fleshy Roots ; Sub-aerial Roots ; 

 Underground Stems ; Plant Food ; Field Work . . 120 



VI. THE STEM PROPER Stem Forms and Uses; Stems of 



Monocotyledons ; Stems of Dicotyledons ; Movement 

 of Water through the Stem ; Wood Structure ; Field 

 Work 142 



VII. BUDS AND BRANCHES Branching Stems ; Buds; Inflor- ~ 



escence; Field Work 173 



VIII. THE FLOWER Hypogynous Monocotyledons ; Epigynous 

 Monocotyledons ; Dicotyledons ; The Corolla ; Suppres- 

 sions, Alterations, and Appendages ; Nature and Office 

 of the Flower ; Pollination ; Field Work ... 196 



IX. ECOLOGY Ecological Factors: Plant Societies: Field 



Work 237 



7 



