PABNASSIUS. 121 



as it does diffusely with the subhyaline terminal margin. Anal 

 pouch of fertilized $ (fig. 31 b) differs conspicuously from that of 

 jacquemonti $ in the complete absence of the posterior high keel 

 or carina. 



Exp. rf $ 62-73 mm. (2-43-2-83*). 



Hah. N.W. Himalayas from 12,000 to 17,000 feet. 



Var. cacJiemiriensis, Oberthiir, is probably a seasonal variation 

 from the typical form. On the upperside the ground-colour is 

 whiter, the red markings more pink than crimson, and the black 

 diffuse scaling much restricted in both sexes. 



Var. nirius, Moore. The type specimen of the $ is now in the 

 British Museum as well as several other females that closely 

 resemble it. I have, however, only seen a single d 1 , in which the 

 markings are very similar to those in the r? figured by Dr. Moore. 

 All forms of Parnassius are so variable that 1 do not think that 

 nirius can be separated from epaphus, even as a race. It differs in 

 both these cases from typical epaphus chiefly in the absence of the 

 white dentate terminal markings and in the more continuous, 

 transverse, postdiscal, diffuse, dusky-black band on the fore wing ; 

 the latter is more of a connected band than a series of lunular 

 markings. In the fertilized 5 the anal pouch is identical with 

 that of epaphus. 



Race sikhimensis, Elwes, is very similar, but so far as the 

 specimens I have seen, some fifty or sixty, is without exception 

 smaller, though it differs slightly if at all in markings from 

 the typical form. On the whole, perhaps, the wings are more 

 copiously irrorated with black scales, the postdiscal dusky-black 

 series of lunules on the upperside of the fore wing is more evenly 

 curved, and the red spots on the hind wing are more brilliant ; in 

 a few specimens the lower discal spot is minutely white-centred ; 

 the cilia of the fore wing also are more prominently alternated 

 with black ; while the antennae are less conspicuously ringed with 

 white than in typical epaphus. Genitalia in the d and anal pouch 

 in the fertilized $ identical with those of the typical form. 



Exp. rf 2 50-54 mm. (1-98-2- 13"). 



Nab. The Chumbi Valley, Sikhim, at and above 16,000 feet, 

 extending to Tibet. 



563. Parnassius hardwickei (PI. XV, fig. 101), Gray, Zod. Misc. 



i, 1832, p. 32 : id. Lep. Ins. Nepal, 1846, pi. 4, figs. 1, 1 ; id. Cat. 



Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap. 1852, p. 76, pi. 12, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11 ; Ehves, 



P. Z. S. 1886, p. 38, pi. 2, fig. o 2 anal pouch ; Moore, Lep. Ind. 



v, 1901-1903, p. Ill, pi. 408, tigs. 1, la-la, rf $, pi. 409, 



figs. 1, 1 a-1 a, S 2 , > & Pi- 410, figs. 1, 1 a-1 a, rf $ . 

 Parnassius jacquemontii, Kollar (nee Boisduval), Hiit/eCs Kaschmir, 



iv, 1844, p. 407, pi. 2, figs. 3, 4, <$ . 

 Parnassius charino, Gray, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Pap. 1852, p. 76, 



pi. 12, figs. 13, 15. 

 Parnassius hardwickii, var. albicans, Fruhstorfer, Iris, xi, 1898, 



p. 147 ; id. (abr. afer) Stett. ent. Zeit. 1899, p. 354. 



