PAKNASSIUS. 127 



scales at base, along costal margin narrowly and below the upper 

 half of cell at base of interspaces 2 and 3 ; cell with the usual 

 medial and apical short broad transverse black bars ; a short broad, 

 similar, but obliquely placed bar beyond apex of cell from costa 

 to vein 4, its lower portion below vein 5 narrower and bent 

 inwards at an angle ; a postdiscal transverse black bar attenuated 

 towards the dorsum and dislocated inwards below vein 5 ; fol- 

 lowed by a broad, posteriorly narrowed, subhyaline terminal 

 edging; cilia white. Hind wing: base and dorsal margin, for 

 four-fifths of its length, broadly and densely irrorated with black 

 scales; a short oblique pretornal dusky-black bar, rarely centred 

 with pink or carmine; a very large pink to deep crimson ocellus, 

 ringed with black and centred with white, in interspaces 4 and 5, 

 crossing vein 5, and a much smaller black spot sometimes centred 

 minutely with pink or crimson in middle of interspace 7 ; beyond 

 this a postdiscal curved series of five velvety-black spots, each 

 touched inwardly with silvery, superposed on a broad subhyaline 

 dusky transverse band, which is broadest in the middle and is 

 followed by a subterminal, somewhat narrow, dusky-black band, 

 interrupted at the veins ; cilia white. Underside similar, with a 

 glassy appearance and similar markings, seen chiefly, however, bv 

 transparency from the upperside. Antenna?, head, thorax and 

 abdomen black, antennae with some few minute white specks ; 

 beneath : head and thorax anteriorly with olivaceous pubescence, 

 thorax posteriorly and abdomen covered with long white hairs, 

 which also clothe the dorsal margin of the hind wing. $ . Upper 

 and under sides similar to those in the c? ; differs in the black 

 markings which are broader, the red ocelli on the hind wing that 

 are considerably larger, and in the obliquely placed pretornal 

 short bar that is always centred with red. 



Exp. c? $ 74-96 mm. (2-91-378"). 



Hab. Ladakh, Chitral, extending into Tibet, at elevations from 

 9,000 to 15,000 feet. 



The range of variation in diarltonius is more limited than in 

 most of the forms belonging to Parnassius. The width and extent 

 of the black markings and in a lesser degree the size of the red 

 ocelli on the hind wing are the chief variable points. There seems 

 to be little or no seasonal variation. 



566. Parnassius imperator, Oberthur, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1883, p. 79. 



Race augustus (PI. XV, fig. 102). 



Parnassius imperator augustus, Fruhstorfer, Soc. Ent. xviii, 1903, 

 p. 113. 



Race augustus, Fruhstorfer. 6 $ . Upperside : creamy-white. 

 Tore wing : costa and base closely irrorated with black scales ; the 

 usual short transverse medial and apical black bars across the cell, 

 followed bv irregularly sinuous, broad, transverse, dusky-black 



