

FOREST-TREES OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 



No. 372. Abies nigra,Po\r. Black Spruce. New England and Alle- 

 ghany Mountains. This tree has much the same range as the preceding, 

 occasionally being found farther south on the Alleghanies. In favor- 

 able situations, it forms quite a large tree, about 75 feet high, tall and 

 straight. The wood is light, elastic, and strong, and valuable for many 

 purposes. 



No. 373. Abies Canadensis, Michx. Hemlock. New England to Wis- 

 consin. A well known tree of the Northern States, extending north- 

 ward to Hudson's Bay, and southward along the mountains to North 

 Carolina. It is one of the most graceful of spruces, with a light and 

 spreading spray, frequently branching almost to the ground. The wood 

 is coarse-grained, but is used in great quantities for rough work. The 

 bark is very extensively employed in tanning. 



No. 374. Abies Mertensiana, Lind. Western Hemlock. California 

 and Oregon. This tree closely resembles the A. Canadensis. It grows 

 from 100 to 150 teet high, and forms a roundish, conical head. The 

 timber is said to be soft and white, and difficult to split. 



No. 375. Abies Williamsoni, New. Williamson's Spruce. California 

 and Oregon. Grows on the Sierras of California and on the Cascade 

 Mountains of Oregon, on high peaks of 8,000 to 12,000 feet altitude. A 

 very graceful tree, attaining a height of 150 feet. The wood is of excel- 

 lent quality, but is too rare and inaccessible to be much known. 



No. 376~ Abies Douglasii, Lind. Douglas's Spruce. Eocky Mount- 

 ains. This species grows through the Rocky Mountain region from 

 Colorado to Nootka Sound. On the Pacific coast, it sometimes attains 

 the immense size of 200 to 300 feet in height, and a diameter of trunk of 

 8 to 15 feet. Its timber composes the great lumber wealth of Oregon 

 and Washington Territory. The wood is soft and easily worked, much 

 prized for masts, spars, and plank for ship-building, and is equally val- 

 uable for other building purposes. A tree cut by Mr. A. J. Dufur was. 

 G feet 4 inches in diameter 30 feet from the base, and 321 feet long. 



No. 377. Abies Donglasii, var. macrocarpa, Torr. Large -coned 

 Spruce. Southern California. This was collected many years ago on 

 the mountains east of San Diego, Cal.; in 1874 sent to the Department 

 of Agriculture by Mr. F. M. Ring, of San Bernardino, Cal.: and collected 

 last summer by Dr. Palmer at San Felipe Canon, east of San Diego. It 

 has cones four or five times the size of Douglasii, and will probably be 

 confirmed as a new species. 



No. 378. Abies Henziesii, Dougl. Menzies's Spruce. Rocky Mount- 

 ains. This species has a wide range in the Rocky Mountains from Col- 

 orado and Utah to Oregon and Sitka. It grows mostly at high alti- 

 tudes, 7,000 to 9,000 feet. " In Utah," Mr. Ward says, a it is easily dis- 

 tinguished from the other firs by the dense masses of its long, pendant, 

 dark-brown cones at the top of the tree, which frequently obscure the 

 foliage. The wood is fine-grained and white, and would be valuable for 

 timber but for the numerous slight curves in the trunk, which render it 

 impossible to obtain saw-logs of any great length. In some places it is 

 incorrectly called balsam, in others it is distinguished as spruce." Mr. 

 Dufur, of Oregon, gives a somewhat different account of the tree as 

 growing there. He says : u It grows along the tide-lauds and about 

 the mouth of the Columbia River, and is seldom found at an elevation of 

 more than 500 feet. The young trees make a beautiful evergreen of 

 pyramidal form. The large trees grow from 150 to 200 feet high, and 

 from 2 to 6 feet in diameter. The wood is soft, white, and free, much 

 prized for lumber." 



No. 379. Abies Engelmanni, Parry. Engelmann's Spruce. Rocky 



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