ELEPHANTID^!. 89 



Hob. India (Pliocene of the Punjab and Siwalik Hills, and Pleisto- 

 cene of the Narbada Valley x ). 



M. 3008. The imperfect cranium, showing the partially-worn third 

 (Fig.} true molar of either side, the base of the left and the greater 

 portion of the right incisor ; from the Pliocene of the 

 Siwalik Hills. This specimen (the missing portions of 

 which have been restored in wood) is the type, and is 

 figured by Falconer and Cautley in the ' Fauna Antiqua 

 Sivalensis,' pis. xxi., xxii., xxiii., and xliii. fig. 14. It is 

 remarkable for the enormous size of the incisors. 



Presented by Gen. Sir W. E. Baker, K.G.B., 1848. 



Elephas insignis, Falconer and Cautley 2 . 



Syn. Mastodon elephantoides, Clift 3 (in parte). 

 (?) Stegodon orient alis, Owen*. 

 Stegodon insignis, Naumann 5 . 



The apparent impossibility of distinguishing the dentition of this 

 trjecies from that of E. ganesa has been already mentioned. The 

 rklge-f ormula 6 may be approximately given as Mm. ^-f-r> 



M - (:i(9-is)' The rid S es of the cheek-teeth are usually 

 rather taller and narrower than in E. bombifrons, their average 

 number greater, and the cement still more abundant. It is, however, 

 not always easy to distinguish between the two. The third molar 

 is usually narrower posteriorly, and the enamel frequently thinner. 

 The taller and more numerous ridges indicate that the present 

 species is intermediate in respect of dental characters between 

 E. bombifrons and E. planifrons. The adult cranium is remarkable 

 for the great depression of the fronto-parietal region, although this 

 feature is less marked in some specimens than in others 7 ; but in 

 the young cranium the contour is indistinguishable from that of 

 the adult E. ganesa 8 . 



1 See ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. p. 274. 



2 Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, pt. 1, p. 37 (1846). 



3 Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. ii. pt. 3, p. 372 (1828). 



4 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 421 (1870). 

 3 Palaeontographica, vol. xxviii. art. 1, p. 12 (1881). 



6 The formula given by Falconer (Pal. Mem. vol. ii. p. 86) is lower, and 

 evidently incorrect; a modification was given by the present writer in the 

 ' Palaeontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. p. 273, but owing to Falconer's errors this 

 was also incorrect, as it included one specimen of E. bombifrons. 



7 Compare 'Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,' pi. xliii. figs, lo, 156. 



8 It is of course self-evident that these young crania (like detached teeth) 

 might equally well have belonged to E. ganesa. 



