ELEPHANTIJWE. 99 



approximately represented as Mm. jj ' (5 " 6) ' [g, M. ^^-^"j ; it 

 is, however, not impossible that a larger series of specimens would 

 probably show some variation in the number of ridges of the first 

 true molar : certain specimens of ET1J referred to this species by 

 Falconer have fourteen ridges, and approximate so closely to 

 E. Jiysudt-icus that their specific reference is doubtful. The crowns 

 of the molars are broad, the ridges are higher than in E. insignia, 

 and the quantity of cement in the interspaces (woodcut, fig. 24, 

 p. 102) is frequently very great ; the enamel in the ridges of the true 

 molars is usually thick, and frequently almost, or quite, devoid of 

 plication, especially near the root of the crown ; and when plication 

 exists (as it frequently does, especially in the milk-molars) it is 

 relatively coarse. The worn ridges present subellipsoidal disks, 

 which have frequently an expansion in the middle, sometimes 

 assuming an imperfect lozenge-shape ; and in slightly worn teeth the 

 middle portion of each ridge frequently forms an isolated disk ; 

 there is great variation in the relative breadth of the ridges as well 

 as in the degree of their mesial expansion and the distance by 

 which they are separated from one another ; the relative width and 

 the absolute size of the teeth also vary very considerably. Both 

 the third and the fourth milk-molars were vertically succeeded by 

 premolars. The cranium (woodcut, fig. 23, p. 100) is characterized 

 by the flatness of the fronto-parietal region, the small incision of the 

 temporal fossae on the frontals, the comparatively slight vaulting of 

 the vertex, the smallness of the nasal aperture and its approximation 

 to the vertex, and the divergence of the incisive alveoli the majority 

 of these characters showing resemblance to the stegodont group and 

 E. africanus. The mandible has two or three mentary foramina, 

 and a small deflected spout-like termination to the symphysis. Some 

 individuals were of enormous size. 



The absence of premolars in E. insignis and E. bombifrons would 

 seem to indicate that the present species is not a direct descendant 

 of either of them. In cases where the ridges are narrower and 

 taller than usual, it is sometimes very difficult to distinguish 

 between the molars of this species and those of E. hysudricus ; and 

 the doubtful specimens of m . 3 noticed on page 106 may indicate a 

 form connecting the two species. 



Hob. India (Siwalik Hills and Punjab). All the following 

 specimens are from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills. The speci- 

 fically undetermined specimen noticed on page ] 06 may indicate that 

 the species survived into the Pleistocene of the Narbada Valley. 



