168 TJNGULATA. 



especially those from Burma, China, and Japan, show excessive 

 plication of the enamel, and thereby approximate to K indicus, 

 although with a lower ridge-formula 1 . In their height and number 

 of ridges, the teeth are intermediate between those of E. hysudricus 

 and E. indicus ; and were it not for the peculiar character of the 

 cranium, the species might be regarded as the direct link between 

 the two. The adult cranium is characterized by the presence of a 

 bold, overlapping, transverse ridge on the f rentals 2 , which appears 

 to be wanting in E. antiquus. On the occipital aspect the great 

 depth of the fissure for the ligamentum nuchse indicates that the 

 species is probably a descendant of E. hysudricus. 



Hub. India, Burma 3 , China 4 , and Japan 5 . In India the species 

 occurs in the Pleistocene of the Narbada valley, and it is probable 

 that the other specimens are from strata of equivalent age. The 

 woodcut (fig. 29) represents a molar from the Pleistocene of Japan, 



Fig. 29. 



Elephas namadicus. The second right upper true molar ; from the Pleistocene 

 between Kanagawa and Tokio (Yedo), Japan, f . The lower border of 

 the figure is the inner border of the specimen. (From the Quart. Journ. 

 Geol. Soc.) 



J One of the Japanese specimens was referred by Leith-Adams to E. indicus. 



2 It has been suggested by Leith-Adams (' British Fossil Elephants ' [Mon. Pal. 

 Soc.], p. 52) that this feature is partly due to crushing a view disproved by its 

 occurrence in numerous specimens in the Indian Museum, Calcutta (see ' Palse- 

 ontologia Indica,' ser. 10, vol. i. p. 281, and the writer's ' Catalogue of Pleisto- 

 cene and Prehistoric Vertebrata in the Indian Museum,' p. 14 (1886). 



3 Specimens from the Irawadi Valley in the Indian Museum. 

 * Vide p. 169, No. 29007. 



8 Naumann, ' Palseontographica,' vol. xxviii. art. 1, p. 25 (1881). 



