INTRODUCTORY 7 



only because he lives very simply. When a family lives 

 alone on the frontier, the members divide the work 

 among themselves; the husband doing the work out 

 doors, the wife that indoors, and the children contributing 

 their different shares. When several million come to- 

 gether, it will be found that some members of the com- 

 munity are more skillful in building houses, others in 

 making shoes, others in dressmaking, still others in 

 cooking, etc., so the people agree to divide their tasks 

 and share the results of their work. In this way they 

 may have better houses, better shoes, better clothing and 

 better food than before, because each man does what he 

 can do best. As the community grows, this division of 

 labor becomes extended until in a large city each person 

 does only a very small part of the work necessary to sup- 

 ply him with the things he needs. But he can do his own 

 work well because he has only one thing to do. The life 

 of a city is of much higher grade than that of a pioneer 

 family. Its population has many more luxuries and 

 accomplishes much more, all because of this division of 

 labor. So it is among organisms. Where one cell does 

 everything, the life is simple and on a very low scale. 

 Each cell can feed itself and perform all the necessary 

 functions, but the whole life is only one of growth and 

 reproduction. As the cells become more abundant, they 

 also become alike. Each takes upon itself certain duties ; 

 each contributes to the good of the other cells and each 



receives aid from the others The life of 



any animal is the sum of the lives of its cells, and with 

 many kinds of cells all working together for a common 

 good, a higher grade of activity is produced than with 

 each working for itself alone. Division of labor goes 

 hand in hand with a rise in the scale of accomplishment 

 and results in a superior type of life." 



