WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? 181 



by sound-waves faster than about 20,000 to 28,000 to the 

 second. The ant, as has been demonstrated, can hear 

 sounds produced by a higher vibration, and for aught we 

 know animals of higher organism than insects have as 

 keen ears. They have a great advantage over us. And if 

 they have sharper ears they also have better eyes and 

 noses." 



Now, whether or not their judgment or reasoning abil- 

 ity is any better, will be hard to tell. The sense organs 

 are the instruments constructed by the cells for specific 

 purposes, each for a specific purpose, the eye to take and 

 convey to the brain cells pictures of the surroundings ; 

 the ear to take vibrations from the air and convey them in 

 the same manner; the nose to catch particles of matter 

 floating in the air, analyze them chemically, and transmit 

 results of the analysis to the brain cells. It would appear 

 that the cells of one animal are about of the same intel- 

 lectual capacity as those of another. The reason that the 

 cells of the dog are able to produce a better smelling ap- 

 paratus is because they make smelling a business spe- 

 cialty. The effort is concentrated upon that point and his 

 eye and ear are very inferior to that of the bird. Again 

 you would not say that the bird is more intelligent than 

 the dog, because it has better eyes and ears, nor would 

 you say that a dog or a bird is more intelligent than a 

 human being, even if it has better eyes, ears and nose. 

 Still you would have to admit that dogs and birds act 

 with as much intelligence in their place in life as the aver- 

 age man. 



We now come to another intelligence called instinct, 

 impulse and emotion. Most of the writers on psychology 

 do not allow for animals any power to reason, but claim 

 that animals are simply automatons, that they act from 

 what they call instinct. They claim that the acts of all 



