INTELLIGENCE OP THE CELL 243 



"The original physiological independence of the cells 

 which have combined to form tissues is more completely 

 lost in proportion to the closeness of their combination, 

 the complexity of their division of labor, and the differ- 

 entiation and centralization of the tissue-organism. Hence 

 the various kinds of tissues in the body of the histona be- 

 have like the various classes and professions in a state. 

 The higher the civilization and the more varied the 

 classes of workers, the more they are dependent on each 

 other, and the state is centralized. 



"The complicated modern state, with its remarkable 

 achievements, may be regarded as the highest stage of in- 

 dividual perfection which is known to us in organic na- 

 ture. But we can only understand the structure of this 

 extremely complex 'organism of the highest order/ and its 

 social forms and functions, when we have a sociological 

 knowledge of the various classes that compose it, and the 

 laws of their association and division of labor ; and when 

 we have made an anthropological study of the nature of 

 the persons who have united, under the same laws, for 

 the formation of a community and are distributed in its 

 various classes. The familiar arrangement of these 

 classes, and the settling of the rank in the mass and the 

 governing body, show us how this complex social organ- 

 ism is built up step by step. 



"But we have to look in the same way on the cell-state, 

 which is made up from the separate individualities in 

 human society or in the kingdom of the tissue-animals, or 

 the branches in the kingdom of the tissue-plants. Their 

 complex organism, composed of various organs and tis- 

 sues, can be only understood when we are acquainted 

 with their constituent elements, the cells, and the laws 

 according to which these elementary organisms unite to 



