CAUSE OF EVOLUTION 363 



when he walks over the ground he walks partly on his 

 knuckles and any gorilla that was not provided with cal- 

 loused knuckles would not be able to get over the ground 

 by aiding himself in this manner with his hands; so in 

 this way, those gorillas with a callous covering over the 

 knuckles would have an advantage over those without 

 such a covering and would be preserved ; in that way the 

 callous was produced on the knuckles of the gorilla. Now 

 we know after a full investigation that this kind of rea- 

 soning is without foundation because the cells that build 

 the gorilla will provide this callous covering at any time, 

 if necessary, and will also provide it at almost any place 

 on the body. If the gorilla persists in rubbing his 

 knuckles on the ground, they will have to be covered 

 with something or else they will be destroyed and for 

 that reason the callous develops on his knuckles. 



Now while it is true that these beneficial variations like 

 callous on the hands and knuckles might under certain 

 circumstances be the means or cause of saving the life of 

 the individual, still it must be clear that it does not in 

 any way explain the cause of the callous, nor does the 

 ground or environment produce these beneficial varia- 

 tions, as some evolutionists would have it. The cells are 

 builders ; they are expert chemists, artists, sculptors and 

 mathematicians and produce everything that we use for 

 food and clothes and a great number of things that we 

 use for building material. They produce all our starches, 

 sugar, acids, pigments, perfumes, wood, cork, fibers and 

 so on, things too numerous to mention. If the knuckles 

 have to be rubbed against the ground, they will have to 

 be provided with a covering of such strength and dura- 

 bility as will stand the wear and tear arising from a con- 

 tinual rubbing contact with the ground. The ordinary 

 hair and skin will not last long. Something tough and 



