CAUSE OP EVOLUTION 367 



possibly produce an instrument for any particular pur- 

 pose. You may employ a man to build a house or ma- 

 chine and you furnish him with lumber, iron, brass, 

 cement, clay and tools, but if he has not the knowledge 

 to build what is wanted, if he has not a mental picture of 

 the structure and a record of details of the work stored 

 away in his memory, he can produce nothing. The cells 

 that build the antlers likewise must understand their 

 business. Men gather the iron, wood and other material 

 to build cannons ; the cells gather lime, minerals and 

 other materials to build the antlers. Both work for a 

 purpose and the constructive skill required in the case of 

 one is exactly as necessary in the other. If man is an 

 intelligent being the cell must be, too. A brain is not 

 necessary to intelligence. The star fish, polyps and 

 several others have no brains, still when their actions 

 are examined, they show just as much intelligence in their 

 place in life as any other animal. Their actions, how- 

 ever, cannot be directed with the speed of those who have 

 a brain, or a common center to direct the actions of all. 

 A species of single cell that lives in the sea called deflu- 

 gia, picks up microscopic grains of sand from the bottom, 

 cements the grains together and in this way builds around 

 himself a hard covering or armor we call a shell. In the 

 armor the creature makes holes through which he sticks 

 out his hands or feet and paddles himself through the 

 water in search for food. This cell, as far as we are able 

 to discover and understand the matter, has neither brain 

 nor a nervous system, but still has a mind and intellect 

 that directs his actions, similar to ours. Another kind of 

 cell called the Arcella builds for itself a covering of a 

 different material ; and the method of building this coat 

 or shell, which resembles in texture the coat or wing 

 covers of insects, is not understood by man's limited in- 



