CAUSE OF EVOLUTION 369 



has been found to be in the outside transparent coat of 

 flint covering the body of the cell. Can you say that a 

 being who can provide himself with an armor of trans- 

 parent flint studded with flash lights, does not possesss 

 intelligence, just as man does? The same covering could 

 also be produced by the most highly civilized man for his 

 use and defense, but not any better. 



Coming back again now to the theories of the evolu- 

 tionist, such as natural selection and the survival of the 

 fittest producing the different structures in life, we shall 

 again consider some of them. They say that any acci- 

 dental and beneficial variation will help the animal in his 

 struggle for existence and the variation will be transmit- 

 ted by inheritance, as the creature with such beneficial 

 variation will have an advantage over his competitor in 

 the struggle for existence and will be able to live and per- 

 petuate his kind. But the trouble about this theory is 

 that the variations would not be of any benefit until fully 

 developed ; on the contrary, they would be a burden and a 

 hindrance to the individual in his struggle for existence. 

 Take as an illustration the pockets of the pocket gopher. 

 The gopher uses the pockets to carry grass to its store 

 house in the ground. He has a big pocket on each side 

 of his head and these pockets he stuffs full of leaves and 

 grass. In this way he can transport clean and fresh food 

 to his underground warehouse with great ease and con- 

 venience and without dragging his food over wet and 

 muddy ground ; but until these pockets were completely 

 formed, they could not have been of any benefit to the 

 animal. It must be perfectly clear that these pockets on 

 the pocket gopher could never have been formed by slight 

 accidental variation. Take another illustration, of the 

 gizzards of birds living on fish and meat ; we find that 

 while so doing, they have practically no gizzards and eat 



