Spots and Stripes. 41 



yellow, with a rich orange spot in the cell of each wing ; the female 

 is much paler in colour, and spotted similarly. In an allied con- 

 tinental species (G. Cleopatra) Fig. 1, Plate III., the female is like that 

 of rhamni only larger ; but the male, instead of having an orange 

 spot in the fore- wing, has nearly the whole of the wing suffused with 

 orange, only the margins, and the lower wings showing the sulphur 

 ground-tint like that of rhamni. Intermediate forms between these 

 two species are known. In a case like this we can hardly resist the 

 conclusion that the discoidal spot has spread over the fore-wing 

 and become a blotch, and in some English varieties of rhamni we 

 actually find the spot drawn out into a streak. 



The family of Pieridce, or whites, again afford us admirable ex- 

 amples of the development of spots. The prevailing colours are 

 white, black and yellow : green appears to occur in the Orange-tips 

 (Anthocaris), but it is only the optical effect of a mixture of yellow 

 and grey or black scales. The species are very variable, as a rule, 

 and hence of importance to us ; and there are many intermediate 

 species on the continent and elsewhere which render the group a 

 most interesting study. 



The wood white (Leucophasia sinapis) Fig 1, Plate IV., is a pure 

 white species with an almost square dusky tip to the fore- wings of 

 the male. In the female this tip is very indistinct or wanting, 

 Fig. 4, Plate IV. In the variety Diniensis, Fig. 2, Plate IV, this square 

 tip appears as a round spot. 



The Orange-tips, of which we have only one species in Britain 

 (Anthocaris cardamines) belongs to a closely allied genus, as does 

 also the continental genus Zegris. The male Orange-tip {A. 

 cardamines) is white with a dark grey or black tip, and a black 

 discoidal spot. A patch of brilliant orange extends from the dark 

 tip to just beyond the discoidal spots. In the female this is wanting, 

 but the dark tip and spot are larger than in the male. 



Let us first study the dark tip. In L. sinapis we have seen that 

 it extends right to the margin of the wing in the male, but in the 

 female is reduced to a dusky spot away from the margin, In A. 

 cardamines the margin is not coloured quite up to the edge, but a 

 row of tiny white spots, like a fringe of seed pearls, occupies the 

 inter-spaces of the veins. On the underside these white spots are 

 prolonged into short bars, see Plate IV. In the continental 

 species A. belemia we see the dark tip to be in a very elementary 

 condition, being little more than an irregular band formed of united 



