12 COSMOS. 



of all motion, and therefore of all physical phenomena. An- 

 axagoras explains the apparent movement of the heavenly 

 bodies from east to west by the assumption of a centrifugal 

 force,* on the intermission of which, as we have already ob- 

 served, the fall of meteoric stones ensues. This hypothesis 

 indicates the origin of those theories of rotatory motion which 

 more than two thousand years afterward attained considera- 

 ble cosmical importance from the labors of Descartes, Huy- 

 gens, and Hooke. It would be foreign to the present work 

 to discuss whether thg world- arranging Intelligence of the 

 philosopher of Clazomenae indicates! the Godhead itself, or 

 the mere pantheistic notion of a spiritual principle animating 

 all nature. 



In striking contrast with these two divisions of the Ionic 

 school is the mathematical symbolism of the Pythagoreans, 

 which in like manner embraced the whole universe. Here, 

 in the world of physical phenomena cognizable by the senses, 

 the attention is solely directed to that which is normal in con- 

 figuration (the five elementary forms), to the ideas of num- 

 bers, measure, harmony, and contrarieties. Things are re- 

 flected in numbers "which are, as it were, an imitative repre- 

 sentation (fj,ifj,7)aig) of them. The boundless capacity for rep- 

 etition, and the illimitability of numbers, is typical of the 

 character of eternity and of the infinitude of nature. The 

 essence of things may be recognized in the form of numerical 

 relations ; their alterations and metamorphoses as numerical 

 combinations. Plato, in his Physics, attempted to refer the 

 nature of all substances in the universe, and their different 

 stages of metamorphosis, to corporeal forms, and these, again, 

 to the simplest triangular plane figures. J But in reference 



* Cosmos, vol. i., p. 133-135 (note), and vol. ii., p. 309, 310 (and 

 note). Simplicius, in a remarkable passage, p. 491, most distinctly 

 contrasts the centripetal with the centrifugal force. He there says, 

 " The heavenly bodies do not fall in consequence of the centrifugal force 

 being superior to the inherent falling force of bodies and to their down- 

 ward tendency." Hence Plutarch, in his work, De Fade in Orbe 

 Ltmte, p. 923, compares the moon, in consequence of its not falling to 

 the earth, to " a stone in a sling." For the actual signification of the 

 nepiXupT)ai.s of Anaxagoras, compare Schaubach, in Anaxag. Clazom. 

 Fragm., 1827, p. 107-109. 



t Schaubach, Op. cit., p. 151-156, and 185-189. Plants are likewise 

 said to be animated by the intelligence i>ot5f ; Aristot., De Plant., i., p. 

 815, Bekk. 



t Compare, on this portion of Plato's mathematical physics, B6ckh, 

 De Platonico Syst. Caelestium Globorum, 1810 et 1811; Martin, Eludei 

 tur le Timie, torn, ii., p. 234-242; and Brandis, in the Geschichte der 

 GricchiKh-Rdmuchsn Philosophic, th. ii., abth. i., 1844, $ 375. 



